BULL. 30] 



MAJALAYGHL^A MAKAH 



T91 



Lawrence, observed large tields of grow- 

 ing maize, at Hochelaga (now Montreal) 

 in 1534, and Cliainplain in 1604 found it in 

 cultivation at almost every jwint visited 

 from Nova Scotia to upper Ottawa r. 

 The supplies of maize obtained from the 

 Indians by the New England and Vir- 

 ginia colonists are well known. Henne- 

 pin, Manjuette, Joliet, La Salle, and other 

 early French explorers of the Mississippi 

 valley found all the tril^es they visited, 

 from the Minnesota r. to the Gulf, and 

 even into Texas, cultivating maize; an<l 

 the same was true of the tribes l)etween 

 N. w. Mexico and the jilains of Kansas 

 when visited by Coronado in 1540-42. 

 Even the Man<lan and Arikara on the 

 upper Missouri had their maize patches 

 when first seen by the whites. How far 

 northward on the Pacitic slope the culti- 

 vation of maize had extended at the time 

 of the discovery is not known. Evidenct^ 

 that it or anything else was cultivated in 

 California w. of the Rio Colorado valley 

 is still lacking. Brinton ( Am. Race, 50, 

 1891) expresses the opinion that maize 

 "was cultivated both north and south to 

 the geographical extent of its productive 

 culture." Such at least appears to have 

 been true in regard to its extent north- 

 ward on the Atlantic slo])e, except in the 

 region of the upper Mississippi and the 

 Red r. of the North. 



The ease with which maize can be cul- 

 tivated and conserved, and its bountiful 

 yield, caused its rapid extension among 

 the Indians after it first came into use. 

 With the exception of better tillage the 

 method of cultivation is much the same 

 to-day among civilized men as among the 

 natives. Thomas Harlot, who visite<l 

 Virginia in 1586, says the Indians put 

 four grains in a hill "with care that they 

 touch not one another." The extent to 

 which the cereal was cultivated in pre- 

 historic times by the Indians may be 

 inferred from these facts and from the 

 observations of early explorers. It seems 

 evident from the history of the expedi- 

 tions of De Soto and Coronado (1540-42) 

 that the Indians of the Gulf states and of 

 the Pueblo region relied chiefly on maize 

 for food. It is also prol )able that a moiety 

 of the food supply of the Indians of Vir- 

 ginia and the Carolinas, and of the Iro- 

 quois and Huron trilies, was from the 

 cultivation of corn. Du Pratz says the 

 Indians "from the sea [(tuH] as far as 

 the Illinois" make maize their jirincipal 

 subsistence. The amount of corn of the 

 Irocpiois de.stroyed by Denonville in l(i87 

 has been estimated at more than a million 

 bushels (Charlevoix, Hist. Nouv. France, 

 II, 355, 1744) , but this e.stimate is probably 

 excessive. According to Tonti (French, 

 Hist. Coll. La., i, 70, 1846), who took jiart 

 in the expedition, the army was engaged 



seven days in cutting up the corn of four 

 villages. Thaumer de la Source (Shea, 

 Early Voy. Miss., 81, 1861) says, "the 

 Tounicas [Tonika] live entirely on In- 

 dian corn." Gen. Wayne, writing in 

 1794 of the Indian settlements, asserts 

 that "the margins of these beautiful riv- 

 ers, the Miamis of the Lake and the Au 

 Glaize, appear like one continued village 

 for a number of miles, both above and 

 below this place, (irand Glaize, nor have 

 I ever before beheld such immense fields 

 of corn in any part of America from 

 Canada to Florida" (Manypenny, Ind. 

 Wards, 84, 1880) . From the Indians are 

 derived ash-cake, hoe-cake, succotash, 

 samp, hominy, the hominy mortar, etc., 

 and even the cribs elevated on posts are 

 patterned after those of the Indians of 

 the Southern states. Corn was used in 

 various ways by the natives in their cere- 

 monies, and among some tribes the time 

 of planting, ripening, and harvesting was 

 made the occasion for festivities. See 

 Agriculture, Food. 



Consult Carr, Mounds of the Mississippi 

 Historically Considered, 1883; Gushing, 

 Zuni Breacistuffs; Harshberger, Maize: a 

 Botanical and Economic Study, 1893; 

 Payne, Hist. New World, i, 1892; Stick- 

 ney in Parkman Club Pub., no. 13, 1897; 

 Thomas in 12th Rep. B. A. E., 614-622, 

 1894. (c. T.) 



Majalayghua. A former Chuinashan vil- 

 lage near Los Prietos, adjacent to Santa 

 Bar])ara, Cal. 



Inajalayehua. — Bancroft, Nat. Races, i, 459, 1874 

 (mis<iuoted from Tavlor). Majalayghua. — Taylor 

 in Cal. Farmer, Apr." 21, 1863. 



Makache (' owl' ) . An Oto gens. 

 Ma-ka'-tce.— Dorsev in 15th Rep. B. A. E., 240, 1897. 

 Ma'-kotch.— Moryan, Anc. Soc.,1.56, 1877. 



Makah ( ' caj le ]3eople ' ) . The southern- 

 most tribe of the AVakashan stock, the 

 only one within the ITnited States. 

 They belong to the Nootka branch. 

 According to Swan the Makah claimed 

 the territory between Flattei'y rocks, 15 

 m. s., and Hoko r., 15 m. e. of C. Flat- 

 tery, Wash., also Tatoosh id., near the 

 cape. Their winter towns were Baada, 

 Neah, Ozelte, Tzues, and Waatch; their 

 summer villages, Ahchawat, Kiddekub- 

 but, and Tatooche. Gibbs ( MS. , B. A. E. ) 

 mentions another, called Kehsidatsoos. 

 They now have two reservations, Makah 

 andOzette, Wash., on which, in 1905, 

 there were respectivelv 399 and 36, a 

 total of 435 for the tribe. In 1806 they 

 were estimated by Lewis and Clark to 

 number 2,000. By treaty of Neah bay. 

 Wash., Jan. 31, 1855, the Makah ceded 

 all their lands at the mouth of the Strait 

 of Juan de Fuca except the immediate 

 area including C. Flattery. This reser- 

 vation was enlarged by Executive order 

 of Oct. 26, 1872, superseded by Executive 

 order of Jan. 2, 1873, and in turn revoked 



