BULL. 30] 



MENOMINEE 



848 



use of it from the earliest notices we have 

 of them, and aware that it coukl l)e 

 readily grown by sowing in proper ground, 

 Jenks (19th Rep. B. A. E., 1021, 1901), 

 who gives a full account of the Meno- 

 minee method of gathering, preserving, 

 and using the wild rice, states that they 

 absolutely refuse to sow it — evidently 

 owing to their common unwillingness to 

 " wound their mother, the earth." 



Chauvignerie gives their principal to- 

 tems as the Large-tailed Bear, the Stag, 

 and the Kilou (a sort of eagle). Neill 

 (Hist. Minn., 1858) classes the Menom- 

 inee, evidently on French authority, 

 as Folles Avoines of the Chat and Orig- 

 nal or Wild Moose and Elk. Hoffman 

 gives the modern totems as follows: 



I. The Owa^sse wi^dishi''anun, or Bear 

 phratry, consisting of the following to- 

 tems and subphratries: Owa^sse (Bear), 

 Miqkii^no (3Iud-turtle), Kitii'mi (Porcu- 

 pine), with the Nama^nu (Beaver) and 

 O^sass (Muskrat) and subphratries. 



II. TheKine^u' wi^dishi^anun, or Eagle 

 phratry, consisting of the following to- 

 tems: Pinilsh^iu (Bald Eagle), Kaka^k 

 (Crow ) , Inil^qtt^k ( Raven ) , IMa^qkuana^ni 

 (Red-tail Hawk), Hinanil^shiu'' (Golden 

 Eagle), Pe^niki'konau (Fish-hawk). 



III. The Otii^tshia wi^dishi^anun, or 

 Crane jahratry, consisting of the following 

 totems: Otii^tshia (Crane), Shakshak^eu 

 (Great Heron), Os^se ("Old Squaw" 

 Duck), O^kawa^siku (Coot). 



IV. The Moqwai''o wi^dishi^anun, or 

 Wolf phratry, consisting of the follow- 

 ing totems: Moqvvai^o (Wolf), "Hana" 

 [anil^ra] (Dog), Apaq'^ssos (Deer). 



V. The Mons wi^dishi^anun, or Moose 

 phratry, with the following totems: M6°s 

 (Moose), Oma^skos (Elk), WabiKshiu 

 (Marten), Wu^tshik (Fisher). 



The earlier statements of Menominee 

 population are unrelia))le. Most of the 

 estimates in the nineteenth century vary 

 from 1,300 to 2,500, but those probably 

 most conservative range from 1,600 to 

 1,900. Their i^resent population is about 

 1,600, of whom 1,370 are under the Green 

 Bay school superintendency, Wis. Their 

 villages (missions) were St Francis and 

 St Michael. 



The Menominee have entered into the 

 following treaties with the United States: 

 (1) Treaty of peace at St Louis, Mo., 

 Mar. 30, 1817; (2) Treaty of Prairie du 

 Chien, Wis., Aug. 19, 1825, with the 

 Menominee and other Indians, fixing 

 boundary lines between the several 

 tribes; (3) Treaty of Butte des Morts, 

 Wis., Aug. 11, 1827, defining boundary 

 lines between the Menominee, Chippewa, 

 and Winnebago; (4) Treaty of Washing- 

 ton, Feb. 8, 1831, defining boundary 

 lines and ceding lands to the United 

 States, a portion of the latter to be for the 



use of certain New York Indians; (5) 

 Treaty of Washington, Feb. 17, 1831, 

 modifying the treaty of Feb. 8, 1831, in 

 regard to the lands ceded for the use of the 

 New York Indians; (6) Treaty of Wash- 

 ington, Oct. 27, 1832, in which certain 

 modifications are made in regard to the 

 lands ceded for the use of the New York 

 Indians (Stockbridges and Munsee), and 

 to certain boundary lines; (7) Articles of 

 agreement made at Cedar Point, Wis., 

 Sept. 3, 1836, ceding certain lands to the 

 United States; (8) Treaty of Lake Pow- 

 aw-hay-kon-nay, Oct. 18, 1848, ceding all 

 their lands in Wisconsin, the United 

 States to give them certain lands which 

 had been ceded by the Chippewa; (9) 

 Treaty at the Falls of Wolf r., May 12, 

 1854, b)' which they ceded the reserve 

 set apart by treaty of Oct. 18, 1848, and 

 were assigned a reserve on Wolf r.. Wis.; 

 (10) Treaty of Keshena, Wis., Feb. 11, 

 1856, ceding two townships of their re- 

 serve for the use of the Stockbridges and 

 the Munsee. (.j. m. c. t. ) 



Addle-Heads.— Jefferys, French Dom.,pt. 1,48,1761 

 (ffiven as the meaning of Folles Avoines). 

 Falsavins.— Doc. of 1764 in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., 

 VII, 641, 1856. Felles avoins. — Lords of Trade 

 (1721), ibid., v,622,1855. Folleavoine.— Vaudreuil 

 (1720) in Margry, Dec, Vi, .511, 1886. Folle Avoi- 

 nes. — Memoir of 1718 in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., ix, 

 889, 1855. Folles Avoines.— Cadillac (1695) in 

 Margry, D.5c., v, 121, 1883. Fols Avoin.— Pike, Ex- 

 pedition, 13, 1810. Fols Avoines.— Brown, West. 

 Gaz.,26.5, 1817. Folsavoins.— Johnson (1763) in N. 

 Y. Doc. Col. Hist., VII, .583, 1856. Fols-avoise. — 

 ychermerhorn(lS12)in Mass. Hist, Soc. Coll.,2ds., 

 II, 10, 1814. Folsovoins.— Harrison ( 1S14) in Drake, 

 Tecumseh, 162, 18-52. Fulawin.— Dalton (1783) in- 

 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., l.st s., x, 123, 1S09. Fulso- 

 wines.— Edwards, Hist. 111., 39, 1870. Les Folles.— 

 Featherstonhaugh, Canoe Voyage, 1,174,1847. Les 

 Fols.— Ann. de la Prop, de la Foi, iv, 537, 1830. 

 Macomile. — LaChesnrtye(1697) in Margry, Dt'C, VI, 

 6, 1886 (misprint?). Mahnomoneeg. — Tanner, Nar- 

 rative, 315, 1830 (Ottawa name). Mahnomonie. — 

 James in Tanner, ibid., 326. Malhoming. — Bac- 

 queville de la Potherie, Hist. Am., ii, 90, 1753. 

 Malhominis. — Ibid. Malhomins. — Ibid., iv, 206, 

 1763. Malhominy. — Cadillac (1695) in Margry, 

 D<5c.,v,121, 1883. Malhommes. — Jefferys, French 

 Dom., pt. 1,48,1761. Malhommis.— Perrot (oa.l720). 

 Memoirs, 127, 1864. Malomenis. — Frontenac ( 1682) 

 in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., ix, 182, l.%5. Malomi- 

 mis.— Lahontan, New Voy., 1,231, 1703. Malomi- 

 nes. — Bellin, map, 1755. Malominese. — Bine Jacket 

 (1807) in Drake, Tecumseh, 94, 18.52. Malominis.— 

 Lahontan, New Voy., I, 104, 1703. Malouin.— Sa- 

 gard (1636), Hi.st. Can., ll, 424, 1864. Malouminek.— 

 Jes. Rel. 16-58, 21, 18-58. Maloumines.— Warren 

 (1852) in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., v, 33, 1885 (French 

 form). Manomanee. — Kane, Wanderings of an 

 Artist, 29, 18-59. Manomines.— Henrv, Travels, 107, 

 1809. Manominik.— Gatschet, Ojibwa MS., B. A. 

 E., 1882 (Chippewa name). Maroumine. — Jes. Rel. 

 1640, 35, 18-58. Mathomenis.— Bactiueville de la 

 Potherie, Hist. Am., ii, 71, 17.53. Mathominis. — 

 Ibid., 81. Melhominys. — Croghan (17.59) in Proud, 

 Pa., II, 296, 1798. Melomelinoia.— La Salle (1680) 

 in Margry, Dec, Ii, 201, 1877 (in central Illinois; 

 apparently identical ). M elominees. — Perkins and 

 Peck, Annals of the West, 733, 1850. Memo- 

 nomier.— Vater, Mith., pt. 3, sec. 3, 406, 1816. 

 Menamenies. — Rnpp, West. Pa., 346, 1846. Men- 

 aominies. — Goldthwait (1766) in Mass. Hi.«t. Soc. 

 Coll., 1st s., X, 121, 1809. Menomenes.— Pike 

 (1806) in Schoolcraft. Ind. Tribes, in, 562, 1853. 

 Me-no-me-ne-uk'. — Morgan, Consang. and Affin., 

 288, 1871. Menomenies.— Brown, West. Gaz., 26.5, 

 1817. Menominees.— Treaty of 1825 in U. S. Ind. 



