846 



MESCALEROS MESCALES 



[b. a. e. 



Indians of the states on both sides of the 

 Mexican boundary. Mescal pits are iisu- 

 ally circular depressions in the ground, 6 

 to 20 ft in circumference, sloping evenly to 

 the center, a foot to 3 ft in depth, and 

 lined with coarse gravel. A fire was built 

 in the pit, raked out after the stones had 

 become hot, and the mescal plants put in 

 and covered with grass. After two days' 

 steaming the pile was opened and the 

 mescal was ready for consumption. 



The product must not be confounded 

 with the distilled spirit known in Mexico 

 under the same name, nor with the peyote 

 cactus. Mescal is a valuable food re- 

 source among the Apache (a division of 

 whom, the Mescaleros, is named from 

 their custom of eating mescal), as well 

 as among the Mohave, Yuma, Ute, 

 Paiute, and practically every tribe of the 

 region producing the agave. An exten- 

 sive commerce in this sweet was carried 

 on with outlying tribes, as the Hopi and 

 other Pueblos. So far as known mescal 

 was not fermented by the Indians to 

 produce an intoxicating drink before the 

 coming of the Spaniards. The food value 

 of mescal is regarded as of such imjjort- 

 ance that the entire population of Pre- 

 sidio del Norte (El Paso), on the failure 

 of their crops half a century ago, sub- 

 sisted for six months on roasted agave 

 (Bartlett, Pers. Narr., ii, 291, 1854). 

 See Peyote. (w. h.) 



Mescaleros (Span.: 'mescal people,' 

 from their custom of eating mescal ) . An 

 Apache tribe which formed a part of the 

 Faraones and Vaqueros of different pe- 

 riods of the Spanish history of the S. W. 

 Their principal range was between the 

 Rio Grande and the Pecos in New Mex- 

 ico, but it extended also into the Staked 

 plains and southward into Coahuila, 

 Mexico. They were never regarded as 

 so warlike as the Apache of Arizona, 

 otherwise they were generally similar. 

 Mooney (field notes, B. A. E.,"l897) re- 

 cords the following divisions: Nataina, 

 Tuetinini, Tsihlinainde, Guhlkainde, and 

 Tahuunde. These bands intermarry, and 

 each had its chief and subchief. The 

 Guhlkainde are apparently identical with 

 the "Cuelcajenne" of Orozco y Berraand 

 others, who classed them as a division of 

 the Llaneros; the "Natages" are prob- 

 ably the same as the Nataina rather than 

 the Lipan or the Kiowa Apache, while 

 the Tsihlinainde seem to be identifiable 

 with the " Chilpaines." In addition 

 Orozco y Berra gives the Lipillanes as a 

 Llanero division. 



The Mescaleros are now on a reserva- 

 tion of 474,240 acres in s. New Mexico, 

 set apart for them in 1873. Population 

 460 in 1905, including about a score of 

 Lipan, q. v. (f. w. h. ) 



Ahuatcha.— Gatschet, Yuma-Spr^, I, 413, 1883 (Mo- 

 have name) . Apaches des 7 Rivieres. — Baudry des 

 Lozieres, Voy. Louisiane, map, 1802 (named 

 from Seven rivers in s. e. N. Mex.). Apaches 

 Llaneros. — Bonnycastle, Span. Am., 68, 1819. 

 Apaches Mescaleros. — Ibid. Apaches of Seven 

 Rivers. — .lett'erys, Am. Atlas, map 5 (1763), 1776. 

 Apachos Mescaleros. — Morse, Am. Univ. Geog., I, 

 685, 1819. Chi-she'.— Hodge, field notes, B. A. E., 

 189.5 (Keresan name). Ehikuita. — Gatschet, Creek 

 Migr. Leg., i, 28, 1884 (here given as a syno- 

 nym of Cherokee). Escequatas. — Xeighbors in 

 H. R. Doe. 100, 29th Cong., 2d sess., 5, 1847. Esi- 

 kwita.— Mooney in 17th Rep. B. A. E., 245, 1898 

 (Kiowa name). Es-ree-que-tees. — Butler and 

 Lewis in H. R. Doc. 76, 29th Cong., 2d sess., 6, 



1847. Es-se-kwit'-ta.— tenKate,Synonymie,9,1884 

 (Comanche name: trans., 'gray buttocks', but 

 really signifying 'gray dung'). Essekwitta.— ten 

 Kate, Reizen in N. Am., 376. 1885. Esse-qua-ties. — 

 Butler and Lewis in H. R. Doc. 76, 29th Cong., 

 2d sess., 7, 1847. Euquatops. — Schoolcraft (after 

 Neighbors), Ind. Tribes, i, 518, 1851 (probably mis- 

 print of Esequatops=Esikwita). Ho-tashin. — 

 Mooney, field notes, B. A. E., 1897 (Comanche 

 name: "apparently a corrupted Mescalero word). 

 inatahin. — Ibid, ('mescal people': Lipan name). 

 Mamakans Apeches. — Warden, Account U. S. A., 

 in, 562, 1819 (probably identical). Mascaleros. — 

 Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, v, '207, 1855. Masceleros.— 

 Ibid. Mescaleres. — Robin, Voy. a la Louisiane, 

 III, 15, 1807. Mescalero Apaches. — Bell in Jour. 

 Ethnol. Soc. Lond., l, 240, 1869. Mescaleros. — 

 Tex. State Arch., doc. .503, 1791. Mescalers. — Ind. 

 Aff. Rep., 218, 1861. Mescallaros.— Haines, Am. 

 Indian, 134, 1888. Mescalos.— Taylor in Cal. 

 Farmer, Apr. 17, 1863. Mescaloro Apaches. — Meri- 

 wether in Sen. Ex. Doc. 69, 34th Cong., 1st se.ss., 

 15, 18.56. Mescaluros.— Box, Advent., 320, 1869. 

 Mescateras.— Ind. Aff. Rep., 4:^9, 18.53 (misprint). 

 Mescolero.— Ind. Aff. Rep. 1857, 288, 1858. Mez- 

 caleros.— Gregg, Comm. Prairies, i, '290, 1844. 

 Miscaleros.— Morgan in N. Am. Rev., 58, 1870. 

 Moscalara.— Parker, Unexj^lored Texas, 221, 1856. 

 Mu-ca-la-moes. — Butler and Lewis in H. R. Doc. 

 76, '29th Cong., 2d sess., 7, 1847. Musaleros. — Ind. 

 Aff. Rep., 2.57, 1853. Mus-ca-lar-oes. — Butler and 

 Lewis in H. R. Doc. 76, '^'.ith ('(iiig.,'-'a.sess.,6,1847. 

 Muscaleros.— Schoolcraft, ln<l. Triln-s, v, 203, 1855. 

 Muscallaros.— Pattie, Pers. Narr., 117, 1833. Mus- 

 ka-le-ras.— Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, l, 518, 1851. 

 Mus-ka-leros.— Ind. Aff. Rep. 1849, 28, 1850. Mus- 

 keleras.— Neighbors in II. R. Doc. 100, '29th Cong., 

 2d sess., 5, 18 17. Muskeleros.— Ind. Afl. Rep., 574, 



1848. Nashkali dinne.— Gatschet, notes, 1886 (Nav- 

 aho name). Natahe'.— Mooney, field notes, B. 

 A. E., 1897 ('mescal people': Lipan name). 

 Natahi'n. — Ibid. (Jicarilla name). Na-ta'-ne. — 

 Hodge, field notes, B. A. E., 1895 (Picuris name). 

 Ndatahe'.— Mooney, field notes, B. A. E., 1897 

 (Lipan name). Pa-ha-sa-be'. — ten Kate, Synon-" 

 ymie, 8, 1884 (Tesuque name). Sacramantenos. — 

 Hamilton, Mex. Han<ihk., 48, 1883. Sacramento 

 Apaches. — Parke, Map New Mex., 1851 (doubtless 

 identical although located as distinct). Saline 

 Apaches.— Vargas (1692) quoted by Davis, Span. 

 Conq. N. Mex., 364, 1869. Sejen-ne.— Escudero, 

 Not. Estad. de Chihuahua, 212, 1834 (native 

 name). Tashi.— ten Kate, Reizen in N. Am., 376, 

 1885. Tixitiwa huponun.— Gatschet, notes, 1885 

 (Isleta name). Tsi'-se'.— Hodge, field notes, B. 

 A. E., 1895(.San Ildefonso Tewa name, of. CM-she', 

 above). 



Mescales. A former tribe or tribes in 

 N. E. Mexico and s. Texas. The one 

 oftenest referred to lived not far from the 

 junction of the Salado with the Rio 

 Grande, and Mescales are mentioned at 

 the neighboring mission of San Juan 

 Bautista,^ founded in 1699. These spoke 

 a Coahuiltecan dialect. De Leon, in 1689, 

 mentions them in connection with the 

 Hapes, Jumenes, and Xiabu. (h. e. b. ) 

 Mescale.— De Leon (1689) in Tex. Hist. Ass'n 

 Quar., viii, 205, 1905. Mescate,— Manzanet, ibid, 



