BOLL. 30] 



MISSIONS 



877 



who have rendered distinguished service 

 to Muskhogean philology in the way of 

 religious, educational, and dictionary 

 translation may be noted the names of 

 Byington, Williams, Alfred and Allen 

 Wright, for the Choctaw, with Fleming, 

 Loughridge, Ramsay, Winslett, Mrs Rob- 

 ertson, and the Perrymans (Indian) for 

 the Creeks. 



The Baptists began work in the Indian 

 Ter. about 1832, and three years later 

 had 4 missionaries at as many stations 

 among the Choctaw, all salaried as 

 teachers by the United States, "so that 

 these stations were all sustained without 

 cost to the funds which benevolence pro- 

 vided for many purposes ' ' ( McCoy) . In 

 1839 they were in charge of Revs. Smed- 

 ley, Potts, Hatch, and JDr Allen, respect- 

 ively. Missions were established about 

 the same time among the Creeks, the 

 most noted laborers in the latter field 

 being Rev. H. F. Buckner, from 1849 

 until his death in 1882, compiler of a 

 Muskogee grammar and other works in 

 the language, with Rev. John Davis and 

 Rev. James Perryman, native ministers 

 who had received their education at the 

 Union (Presbyterian) mission among the 

 Osage (see Interior States). As auxiliary 

 to the W'Ork of this denomination, for the 

 special purpose of training native work- 

 ers, the American Baptist Board in 1819 

 established at Great Crossings, in Ken- 

 tucky, a higher school, known as the 

 Choctaw Academy, sometimes as John- 

 son's Academy. Although intended for 

 promising youth of every tribe, its pupils 

 came chiefly from the Choctaw and the 

 Creeks until its discontinuance about 

 1843, in consequence of the Indian prefer- 

 ence for home schools. 



Work was begun by the Methodists 

 among the Creeks in Indian Ter. about 

 1835, but was shortly afterward discon- 

 tinued in consequence of difficulties with 

 the tribe, and was not resumed until some 

 years later. 



Middle Atlantic States. The earliest 

 mission establishment within this territory 

 was that founded by a company of 8 Span- 

 ish Jesuits and lay brothers with a num- 

 ber of educated Indian boys, under Father 

 Juan Bautista Segura, at "Axacan," in 

 Virginia, in 1570. The exact location is 

 uncertain, but it seems to have been on or 

 near the lower James or Pamunkey r. It 

 was of brief existence. Hardly had the 

 bark chapel been erected when the party 

 was attacked by the Indians, led by a 

 treacherous native interpreter, and the 

 entire company massacred, with the ex- 

 ception of a single boy. The massacre 

 was avenged by Menendez two years later, 

 but the mission effort was not renewed. 



The next undertaking was that of the 

 English Jesuits who accompanied the 



Maryland colony in 1633. The work was 

 chiefly among the Conoy and Patuxent of 

 Maryland, with incidental attention to the 

 Virginia tribes. Several stations were es- 

 tablished and their work, with the excep- 

 tion of a short period of warfare in 1639, 

 was very successful, the principal chiefs 

 beingnumbered amongtheconverts, until 

 the proscription of theCatholicreligion by 

 the Cromwell party in 1649. The leader 

 of the Maryland mission was Father An- 

 drew White, author of the oft-quoted 

 " Relatio " and of a grammar and diction- 

 ary of the Piscataway (?) language. 



The New York mission began in 1642, 

 among the Mohawk, with the ministra- 

 tion of the heroic Jesuit captive. Father 

 Isaac Jogues, who met a cruel death at 

 the hands of the same savages 4 years 

 later. During a temporary peace between 

 the French and the Iroquois in 1653 a 

 regular post and mission church were 

 built at Onondaga, the capital of the con- 

 federacy, by permission of the league. 

 The Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca invited 

 antl received missionaries. Much of their 

 welcome was undoubtedly due to the 

 presence in the Iroquois villages of 

 large numbers of incorporated Chris- 

 tian captives from the destroyed Huron 

 nation. The truce lasted but a short time, 

 however, and l>efore the summer of 1658 

 the missionaries had withdrawn and the 

 war was again on. In 1666 peace was re- 

 newed and within a short time missions 

 were again founded among all the tribes. 

 In 1669 a few Christian Iro(iuois, sojourn- 

 ing at the Huron mission of Lorette, 

 near Quebec, Canada, withdrew and 

 formed a new mission settlement near 

 Montreal, at a place on the St Lawrence 

 known as La Prairie, or under its mis- 

 sion name, St Francois Xavier des Pres, 

 the precursor of the later St Francois 

 Xavier du Sault and the modern Caugh- 

 nawaga. The new town soon became the 

 rallying point for all the Christian Iro- 

 quois, who removed to it in large num- 

 bers from all the triltes of the confed- 

 eracy, ]iarticularly from the Mohawk 

 towns. There also gathered the Huron 

 and other Christian captives from among 

 the Iroquois, as also many converts from 

 all the various eastern Algonquian tribes 

 in the French alliance. To this period 

 belongs the noted Jesuit scholar, Etienne 

 de Carheil, who, arriving in 1666, de- 

 voted the remaining 60 years of his life 

 to work among the Cayuga, Hurons, and 

 Ottawa, mastering all three languages, 

 and leaving behind him a manuscript 

 dictionary of Huron radices in Latin and 

 French. 



In 1668 also a considerable body of 

 Christian Cayuga and other Iroquois, to- 

 gether with some adopted Hurons, crossed 

 Lake Ontario from New York and set- 



