884 



MISSIONS 



[I5. A. E. 



rigines Com., 1844). Besides preaching 

 to them in their own language, Mr Ser- 

 geant prepared for their use several small 

 religious works in the native tongue. In 

 1821, with their chief, Solomon Aupau- 

 mut, they removed again (their mis- 

 sionary being unable to accompany them 

 on account of old age), this time to the 

 neighborhood of Green Bay, Wis., where 

 about 520 "Stockbridge and Munsee," of 

 mixed blood, still keep the name. Among 

 the later missionaries the most distin- 

 guished is Rev. Jeremiah Slingerland, an 

 educated member of the tribe, who 

 served, from 1849, for more than 30 years. 

 Merged with them are all who remain of 

 the Brotherton band of New York, made 

 up from tribal remnants of Connecticut, 

 Rhode Island, and Long Island — Mohe- 

 gan, Pequ(jt, Narraganset, and Montauk — 

 gathered into a settlement also in the 

 Oneida country by the same Occom in 

 1786. These in 1795 were reported as 

 numbering about o9 families, all Chris- 

 tian, and fairly civilized. Among the 

 names connected with the Stockbridge 

 mission isthatof Rev. Jonathan Edwards, 

 jr, author of a short treatise on the 

 Mahican ( " Muhhekaneew " ) language 

 (1788), and of John Quinney and Capt. 

 Hendrick Aupaumut, native assistants 

 and translators under the elder Sergeant. 

 For the Scaticook mission see 3forarians — 

 A^ew York. 



In addition to the regular mission 

 establishments some educational work for 

 the Indians was carried on in accord 

 with a declared purpose at Harvard Col- 

 lege, Cambridge, Mass., as already noted; 

 at Moore's charity school for Indians, 

 founded by Rev. Eleazer Wheelock at 

 Lebanon, Conn., in 1754, and transferred 

 in 1769 to Hanover, N. H., under the 

 name of Dartmouth College, and the For- 

 eign Mission School at Cornwall, Conn., 

 by the American Board of Commissioners 

 for Foreign Missions, beginning in 1817. 

 The net result was small. (See Educa- 

 tion. ) 



The Interior States. — The whole inte- 

 rior region of the United States, stretching 

 from the English .seaboard colonies to the 

 main divide of the Rocky mts., was in- 

 cluded under the French rule in the two 

 provinces of Canada and Louisiana, and 

 with one or two exceptions the mission 

 work was in charge of French Jesuits from 

 the first occupancy up into the American 

 period. The very first mission worker, 

 however, within this great region was the 

 heroic Spanish Franciscan, Father Juan 

 de Padilla, who gave up his life for souls 

 on the Kansas prairies, as narrated else- 

 where, nearly as early as 1542 (see New 

 Mexico, Arizona, and California). The 

 firstmission westoftheHuron country was 

 established iu 1660, probably on Kewee- 



naw bay, Mich., by the veteran Huron 

 missionary, the Jesuit Rene Menard, in 

 response to repeated requests of visiting 

 Chippewa and Ottawa. In the next year, 

 while attempting to reach a colony of 

 fugitive Hurons who hatl called him from 

 Green Bay, he was lost in the forest and is 

 believed to have been murdered by the In- 

 dians. In 1665 Father Claude Allouez 

 established the mission of Sainct Esprit 

 on the s. shore of L. Superior, at La Pointe 

 Chegoimegon (Shaugwaumikong), now 

 Bayfield, Wis. Besides working here 

 among the Ottawa and Huron refugees 

 from the older missions destroyed by the 

 Iroquois, he visited all the other tribes of 

 the upper lake region from the Miami and 

 the Illinois to the Sioux. Within the next 

 few years other missions were established 

 at Sault Ste Marie (Sainte Marie), Mack- 

 inaw (St Ignace), Green Bay (St Fran- 

 cois Xavier), and among the Foxes (St 

 Marc) and Mascoutens (St Jacques), the 

 two last named being about the southern 

 Wisconsin line. Among other workers of 

 this period were Dablon, Druillettes, and 

 the noted discoverer, Marquette. The 

 mission of St Joseph on the river of that 

 name, near the present South Bend, Ind., 

 was established by Allouez among the 

 Potawatomi in 1688. It continued, with 

 interruptions, until the removal of the 

 tribe to the W. in 1839-41, when the mis- 

 sionaries accompanied the Indians and re- 

 established the work in the new field. To 

 this later period, in Indiana, belong the 

 names of Fathers Reze, Badin, Desseille, 

 and Petit. The mission at Lapointe was 

 abandoned in 1671 on account of the hos- 

 tility of the Sioux, but most of the others 

 continued, with some interruptions, down 

 to the temporary expulsion of the Jesuits 

 in 1764. A mission begun among the 

 Sioux in 1728 was brought to a close soon 

 after in consequence of the war with the 

 Foxes. 



The first regular mission among the 

 Illinois (Immaculate Conception) was 

 founded by Marquette in 1674 near the 

 present Rockfort, 111., w'hereat that time 

 8 confederate tribes were camped in a 

 great village of 350 communal houses. It 

 was known lateras the Kaskaskia mission. 

 Other missions were established also 

 among the Peoria, on Peoria lake and at 

 Cahokia, opposite St Louis, with such 

 result that by 1725 the entire Illinois 

 nation was civilized and Christian. 

 Besides Marquette, the most prominent 

 of the Illinois missionaries were Rale, 

 noted elsewhere in connection with the 

 Abnaki mission, and Father James 

 Gravier, who arrived in 1693 and died 12 

 years later of wounds received from 

 hostile Indians, leaving as his monument 

 the great manuscri])t Peoria dictionary of 

 22,000 words. Despite apparent success, 



