BULL. 30] 



MISSIONS 



889 



in the Indian mission work of that de- 

 nomination. In 1818 he began preaching 

 among the Wea in Indiana, and in 1820 

 organized at Ft Wayne, Ind., a small 

 school for the children of the neighboring 

 tribes, then in the lowest state of demor- 

 alization from wars, removals, drunken- 

 ness, and the increasing pressure of a hos- 

 tile white population. His earliest asso- 

 ciate was Mr Johnston Lykins, then a 

 boy of 19, but later distinguished as a 

 voluminous translator and author of a 

 system of Indian orthography. Two 

 years later this school was discontinued, 

 and by treaty arrangement .villi the (Gov- 

 ernment, which assumed a large part of 

 the expense, two regular missi(.ms were 

 established, viz: Carey (1S22) for the 

 Potawatomi, on 8t Joseph r. near the 

 present South Bend, Ind.. and Thomas 

 (1823) among the Ottawa, on Grand r., 

 Mich. Mr Lykins took charge among 

 the Ottawa, to whom he was soon al)le to 

 preach in their own language, while Mr 

 McCoy continued with the Potawatomi. 

 In consequence of the inauguration of 

 the Government plan for the removal of 

 the Indians to the \V., both missions 

 were abolished in 1830, the work being 

 resumed among the Indians in their new 

 homes in Kansas. A small mi:^sion estab- 

 lished among the Chippewa at Sault Ste 

 Mane, Mich., under Rev. A. Bingham 

 about 1824, continued a successful exist- 

 ence in charge of its founder for about 25 

 years. 



In 1831, while the removal of the In- 

 dians was still in progress, the Shawnee 

 Mission was established under Mr 

 Lykins about 10 m. s. w. from the pres- 

 ent Kansas City, among the Shawnee. 

 In the fall of 1833 Rev. Jotham Meeker, 

 one of the former assistants in the E., 

 arrived with a printing press and types, 

 with which it was proposed to print for 

 distrilnition among the various neighbor- 

 ing tribes educational and devotional 

 works in their own languages according 

 to a new phonetic system devised by Mr 

 Meeker. The work of translating and 

 printing was actively taken up, the first 

 issue being a Delaware primer in 1834, 

 believed to be the first book printed 

 in Kansas. 'iVithin the next few years 

 small volumes by various missionary 

 workers were printed in the Shawnee, 

 Delaware, Potawatomi, Ottawa, Wea, 

 Kansa, Osage, Iowa, Oto, Creek, and Choc- 

 taw languages, besides a small journal in 

 the Shawnee language. Not alone the 

 Baptists, but also ]\Iethodists and Presby- 

 terians working in the same field, availed 

 themselves of the services of the Shaw- 

 nee mission press. In the meantime other 

 missions were established among the 

 Delawares (Mr Ira D. Blanchard, 18.33), 

 Oto (Rev. Moses Merrill, 1833), Iowa 



(1834?), Ottawa (Rev. Jotham Meeker, 

 1837), and Potawatomi (Mr Robert 

 Simerwell, 1837), besides stations among 

 the removed southern tribes of Indian 

 Ter. [See Southern Stales.) All of these 

 first-named were within what is now 

 Kansas excepting the Oto mission known 

 as Bellevue, which was at the mouth of 

 Platte r., near the present Omaha, Nebr. 

 At this station Mr Merrill, who had pre- 

 viously worked among the Chippewa, 

 made such studj' of the language that 

 within 3 years he was able to preach to 

 the Indians without an interpreter, be- 

 sides compiling a book of hj'inns and one 

 or two other small works in Oto. He 

 died in 1840. The various missions re- 

 mained in successful operation until about 

 1855, when, in consequence of the dis- 

 turbed condition of affairs in Kansas, they 

 were discontinued. All of the tribes 

 have since been removed to Indian Ter. 

 The Episropalians appear to have done 

 no work in the interior until about 1830, 

 when they had a station in the vicinity 

 of Sault Ste Marie, Mich., among the 

 Chippewa. In 1852 a mission was estab- 

 lished among the Chippewa of Gull lake, 

 Minn., by Rev. J. L. Breck, and in 1856 

 at Leech lake by the same worker. In 

 1860, through the efforts of Bishop H. B. 

 Whipple, a mission was established 

 among the Santee Sioux at the lower 

 Sioux agency. Redwood, Minn., in charge 

 of Rev. Samuel D. Hinman. The work 

 was interrupted by the outbreak of 1862, 

 but on the final transfer of the Indians to 

 Niobrara, Nebr., in 1866, was resumed by 

 Mr Hinman, who had kept in close touch 

 with them during the period of disturb- 

 ance. A large mission house, known as 

 St Mary's, was erectec], which later be- 

 came the central station for the work of 

 this denomination among the Sioux and 

 neighboring tribes. In 1870 St Paul's mis- 

 sion was estaljlished at theYankton Sioux 

 agency, S. Dak., by Rev. Joseph W. Cook, 

 and in 1872 work was begun at the Lower 

 Brule Sioux agency, S. Dak., by Rev. W. 

 J. Cleveland, and extended later to the 

 Upper Brule and Oglala Sioux of Rose- 

 bud and Pine Ridge agencies, S. Dak. 

 In the meantime Rev. J. Owen Dorsey 

 had begun to lal)or among the Ponca, 

 also in South Dakota, in 1871. The work 

 is still being actively carried on in the 

 same field. All of the Sioux mission- 

 aries named have rendered valuable .serv- 

 ice to philology in the prejiaration of 

 hymnals, prayer books, etc., in the native 

 language, together with a small mission 

 journal 'Anpao' ('The Daybreak'), is- 

 sued for a number of years in the Yankton 

 Sioux dialect. The ethnologic researches 

 of Mr Dorsey place him in the front rank 

 of investigators, chief among his many 

 contributions being his great monograph 



