BULL. 30] 



MISSIONS 



893 



zona, organizing a regular colonization 

 and governmental adtiiinistration and 

 dividing the region into 7 mission dis- 

 tricts in charge of a force of Franciscan 

 fnars. In 1617 the Pueblo missions 

 counted 11 churches, with 14,000 "con- 

 verts." In 1621 there were more than 

 16,000 converts, served by 27 i)riests in 

 chargeof Father Alonso Benavides, whose 

 Memorial is our principal source of infor- 

 mation for this period. Another distin- 

 guished name of this epoch is that of 

 Father Geronimo de Zarate Saimeron, 

 missionary, philologist, and historian. 

 In 1630 there were some 50 priests serv- 

 ing more than 60,000 Christianized In- 

 dians in 90 pueblos, with 25 i)rincipal 

 mission centers and churches. To this 

 period belong the mission ruins at Abo 

 and Tabira, or "Gran Quivira" (one of 

 which may be the San Isidro of the lost 

 Jumano tribe), which were abandoned m 

 consequence of Apache invasions about 

 1675. The entire Pueblo ])opulation to- 

 day numbers barely 10,000 souls in 25 

 villages. 



About this, time we begin to observe 

 the first signs of revolt, due partly to the 

 exactions of the Spanish military author- 

 ities, but more, apparently, to the at- 

 tachment of the Indians, particularly the 

 medicine-men, to their own native cere- 

 monies and religion. About the year 

 1650 the wild tribes, known collectively 

 as Apache, began the series of destruc- 

 tive raids which continued down almost 

 to the present century. Increasing fric- 

 tion between the missionaries and the 

 military administration prevented any 

 united effort to meet the emergency. 

 Missionaries were killed in outlying dis- 

 trictsand several pueblos were wipeil out 

 by the wild tribes, until in 1675, after the 

 murder of several missionaries and civil- 

 ians aud the execution or other i)unish- 

 ment of the principals concerned, the 

 Pueblo chiefs, led by Pope (q. v.) of San 

 Juan, sent to tlie governor a message de- 

 claring that they would kill all the Span- 

 iards and flee to the mountains before 

 they would permit their medicine-men to 

 be harmed. Conditions rapidly grew 

 worse, until it was evident that a general 

 conspiracy was on foot and an appeal was 

 sent to Mexico by the governor for re- 

 inforcements. Before help could arrive, 

 however, the storm broke, on August 10, 

 1680, the historic Pueblo revolt, organ- 

 ized and led by Pope. 



Says Bancroft ( Hist. Ariz, and N. Mex., 

 1889) : " It was the plan of the New ^Mexi- 

 cans to utterly exterminate the Spaniards; 

 and in the massacre none were spared — 

 neither soldier, priest, or settler, personal 

 friend or foe, young or old, man or 

 woman — except that a few beautiful 

 women and girls were kept as captives." 



Those in the S. were warned in time to 

 escape, but those in the N. , E., and W. per- 

 ished to the number of over 400 persons, 

 including 21 missionaries (see list, ibid., 

 p. 179). Santa Fe itself, with a Spanish 

 population of 1,000, after a battle lasting 

 all day, was besieged nearly a week by 

 3,000 Indians, who were finally driven 

 off by Gov. Otermin in a desperate sortie 

 in which the Indians lost 350 killed. 

 The result was the entire evacuation of 

 New INIexico by tiie Spaniards until its 

 reconquest by Vargas in 1692-94, when 

 most of the missions were reestablished. 

 The Pueblo spirit was not crushed, how- 

 ever, and in the suuuner of 1696 there 

 was another outbreak by five tribes, re- 

 sulting m the death of five missionaries, 

 besides other Spaniards. The rising was 

 soon subdued, except among the Hopi, 

 who deferred submission until 1700, but 

 only one of their seven cr eight towns, 

 Awatoiji, would consent to receive mis- 

 sionaries again. For the favor thus 

 shown to Christians the other Hopi com- 

 bined forces and utterly destroyed Awa- 

 tobi and killed many of its people before 

 the close of the year. The Hopi did not 

 again become a mission tribe, but in 1742 

 more than 440 Tigua, who had fled to the 

 Hopi at the time of the great revolt, were 

 brought back and distributed among the 

 mi.ssions of the Rio Grande until they 

 coAild be resettled in a new town of their 

 own. (See >SVrnd/a.) 



In 1733 Father JNIirabal established a 

 mission among the wild Jicarilia, on 

 Trampas r., a few leagues from Taos, N. 

 Mex. In 1746 and 1749 attempts were 

 made to gather a part of the Navahointo2 

 new missions established in the neighbor- 

 hood of Laguna, but the undertaking was 

 a failure. In the latter year the number 

 of Christian Indians in New Mexico, in- 

 cluding the vicinity of Kl Paso, was re- 

 ported to be about 13,000. By this time 

 the territory had been organized as a 

 bishopric, and with the increase of the 

 Spanish population the relative impor- 

 tance of the mission work declined. In 

 1780-81 an epidemic of smallpox carried 

 off so many of the Christian Indians that 

 by order of the governor the survivors 

 were the next year concentrated into 20 

 missions, the other stations being discon- 

 tinued. As the Indians assimilated with 

 the Spanish population the missions 

 gradually took on the character of ordi- 

 nary church establishments, the Francis- 

 cans being superseded by secular priests. 

 The majority of the Pueblo Indians of 

 to-<lay, excepting those of Hopi and Zuiii, 

 are at least nominal Christians. 



In the more recent hi.storic period work 

 has also lieen conducted at several pue- 

 blos by various Protestant denominations. 

 In 1854 a Baptld minister, Rev. Samuel 



