BULL. 30] 



MISSIONS 



901 



later at Port Hope on L. Ontario. Be- 

 sides building up a tlourishing school, 

 Mr O'Meara found time to translate into 

 the native language the Book of Common 

 Prayer, considerahle ])ortionsof l)oth the 

 Old and the New Testament, and a vol- 

 ume of hymns, the last in coojjeration 

 with the Rev. Peter Jacobs. He died 

 about 1H70. Of the more recent period 

 the most noted worker is Kev. K. F. Wil- 

 son, who began his labors under the 

 auspices of the Church Mission Society 

 in 1868. To his efforts the Indians owe 

 the Bhingwauk and Wawanosh homes at 

 Sault Ste JNIarie, ( )ntario, where some 60 

 or 80 children are cared for, educated, 

 and taught the rudiments of trades and 

 simple industries. A school journal, 

 set up and printed l)y the Indian boys, 

 has also been conducted at intervals, 

 under various titles, for nearly 80 years. 

 Mr Wilson is the author of a number of 

 Indian writings, of which the most im- 

 portant is jirobably a ' Manual of the 

 Ojibway Language,' for the use of mis- 

 sion workers. 



In 1835 a mission was established also 

 on Thames r., among the Slunsee, a rem- 

 nant of those Delaware refugees from the 

 United States who for so many years of 

 the colonial period had been the object of 

 Moravian care (see Middle Atlantic States) . 

 One of the j^ioneer workers. Rev. Mr 

 Flood, translated the church liturgy into 

 the language of the tribe. 



Of 17,498 Christian Indians officially 

 reported in 1906 in Ontario province, 

 5,253, or not quite one-third, are credited 

 to the Ejyiscopal or Anglican church, in- 

 cluding — Iroquois in various bands, 3,073; 

 "Chippewasof the Thames," 593; "Ojib- 

 bewas of L. Superior," 554; "Chippewas 

 and Saulteaux of Treaty No. 3" (Mani- 

 toba border), 709; " Munsees of the 

 Thames" (originally Moravian converts 

 from the United States; see Middle Atlantic 

 States), 154; "Ojibbewas and Ottawas of 

 Manitoulin and Cockburn ids.," 169; 

 Potawatomi of Walpole id., 79; and one 

 or two smaller groups. 



The work among the Eskimo of the 

 Labrador coast — officially a part of New- 

 foundland — is conducted by the Mora- 

 vians. In 1752 a reconnoitering mission- 

 ary party landed near the i^resent Hope- 

 dale, but was attacked by the natives, 

 who killed Brother J. C. Ehrhardt and 5 

 sailors, whereupon the survivors returned 

 home and the attempt for a time was 

 abandoned. One or two other exploring 

 trips were made for the same purj)ose, 

 and in 1769 permission to establish mis- 

 sions on the La] )rador coast was formally 

 asked by the INIoravians and granted by 

 the British government. In 1771 the 

 first mission was begun at Nain, appar- 



ently by Brother Jens Haven. It is now 

 the chief settlement on the Labrador 

 coast. In 1776 Okak was estalilished by 

 Brother Paul Layritz, followed by Hoj^e- 

 daleinl782, and Hebron in 1830. To these 

 have more recently been added Zoar and 

 Ramah. The efforts of the missionaries 

 have been most successful, the wander- 

 ing T^skimo having been gathered into 

 permanent settlements, in each of which 

 are a church, store, mission residence, and 

 workshops, with dwelling houses on the 

 model of the native iglu. Besides receiv- 

 ing religious instruction, the natives are 

 taught tlie simple mechanical arts, but to 

 guard again,st their innate imj)rovidence, 

 the missionaries have found it necessary 

 to introduce the communal system, by tak- 

 ing charge of all food supplies to distribute 

 at their own discretion. All the missions 

 are still in flourishing o]>eration, having 

 now under their influence about 1,200 of 

 the estimated 1,500 Eskimo along a coast 

 of about 500 m. in length. The total 

 numl)er of mission workers is about 30 

 (see Hind, Labrador Peninsula.) 



To these Moravian workers we owe a 

 voluminous body of Eskimo literature — 

 grammars, dictionaries, scriptural trans- 

 lations, hymns, and miscellaneous pub- 

 lications. Among the prominent names 

 are those of Bourquin, about 1880, author 

 of a grammar and a Bible history; Burg- 

 hardt, gospel translations, 1813; Erd- 

 mann, missionary from 1834 to 1872, a 

 dictionary and other works; Freitag, a 

 manuscript grammar, 1839; and Kohl- 

 meister, St John's Gospel, 1810. The 

 majority of these Moravian pul)lications 

 were issued anonymously. 



In 1820 the Wesleyan Methodists, through 

 Rev. Alvin Torry, began work among the 

 immigrant Iro(iu(5is of the Ontario reser- 

 vations, which was carried on with not- 

 able success for a long term of vears by 

 Rev. William Case. In 1823 M/Case ex- 

 tended his labors to the Missisauga, a band 

 of the Chippewa n. of L. Ontario. The 

 most important immediate result was the 

 conversion of Peter Jones (Kahkewakuo- 

 naby), a half-breed, who was afterward 

 ordained, and became the principal mis- 

 sionary among his people and the more 

 remote Chipi>ewa bands until his death 

 in 1856. He is known as the author of a 

 collection of hymns in his native language 

 and also a small ' History of the Ojeb- 

 way Indians.' Another noted mission- 

 ary convert of this period was Shawun- 

 dais, or John Sunday. Another native 

 worker of a somewhat later {leriod was 

 Rev. Henry Steinhauer, Chippewa, after- 

 ward known as a missionary to the Cree. 

 Still another pioneer laborer in the same 

 region was Rev. James Evans, afterward 

 also missionary to the Cree and inventor 



