BULL. 30] 



MITSUKWIC MIXED-BLOODS 



913 



Mitsukwic. A former Nisqualli village 

 "at the salmon trap on Squalli [Nisqualli] 

 r.," Washington.— Gibbs, MS. No. 248, 

 B.A.E. 



Mittaubscut. A village of about 20 

 houses in 1676, situated on Pawtuxetr., 

 7 or 8 m. alcove its mouth, in Provi- 

 dence or Kent cc, R. 1. It probably be- 

 longed to the Narraganset, but its chief 

 disputed theirclaim. — Williams (1676) in 

 Mass. Hist. Soe. Coll., 3d s., i, 71, 1825. 



Mittsulstik {Mll-(s'i(l^-stlk). A former 

 Yaquina village on the n. side of Yaquina 

 r., Oreg., at the site of the present New- 

 port. — Dorsey in Jour. Am. Folk-lore, in, 

 229, 1890. 



Mitutia. A village of the Cholovone, 

 a division of the Yokuts, situated e. of 

 lower San Joaquin r., Cal. — Pinart, Chol- 

 ovone MS., B. A. PI, 1880. 



Miwok ('man'). One of the two di- 

 visions of the Moquelumnan family in 

 central California, the other being the 

 Olamentke. With a small exception in 

 the w., the i\Iiwok occupied territory 

 bounded on the n. by Cosumnes r., on 

 the E. by the ridge of the Sierra Nevada, 

 on the s. by Fresno cr., and on the w. by 

 San Joaquin r. The exception on the 

 w. is a narrow strip of land on the e. 

 bank of the San Joaquin, occupied l>y 

 Yokuts Indians, beginning at the Tuol- 

 umne and extending northward to a 

 point not far from the place where the 

 San Joaquin bends to the w. The Miwok 

 are said by Powers to be the largest "na- 

 tion" in California, and a man of any of 

 their tribes or settlements may travel from 

 the Cosumnes to the Fresno and make 

 himself understood without difticulty, so 

 uniform is their language. See Moijuel- 

 umnan. (j. c. ) 



Meewa.— PowersinOverland Monthly, X, 323, 1873- 

 Meewie, — Ibid. Meewoc. — Ibid. Mewahs. — Ind- 

 Aff. Rep. 1856. 244, 1857. Miook.— Kingsley, Stand- 

 ard Nat. Hi.'it., VI, 175, 1885. Mi'-wa. — Powers in 

 Cont. N. A. EthnoL, in, 347, 1877. Mi'-wi.— Ibid. 

 Mi'-wok. — Ibid. Muwa, — Merriam in Science, 

 N. s., XIX, 914, June 17, 1904. 



Mixam, Mixanno. See Mriki^ah. 



Mixed-bloods. To gauge accurately th© 

 amount of Indian blood in the veins of 

 the white population of the American 

 continent and to determine to what ex- 

 tent the surviving aborigines have in 

 them the blood of their conquerors and 

 snpplanters is impossible in the absence 

 of scientific data. But there is reason to 

 believe that intermixture has l;een much 

 more common than is generally assumed. 

 The Eskimo of (Ireenland and the Danish 

 traders and colonists have intermarried 

 from the first, so that in the territory im- 

 mediately under pAiropean supervision 

 hardly any pure natives remain. The 

 marriages (of Danish fathers and Eskimo 

 mothers) have been very fertile and the 



children are in many respects an im- 

 provement on the aboriginal stock, in the 

 matter of personal beauty in particular. 

 According to Packard (Beach, Ind. Miscel., 

 69, 1877) the last full-blood Eskimo on 

 Belle Isle str., Labrador, was in 1859 the 

 wife of an Englishman at Salmon bay. 

 The Lal)rador intermixture has been 

 largely with fishermen from Newfound- 

 land of English descent. 



Some of the Algonquian tribes of Can- 

 ada mingled considerably with the Euro- 

 peans during the French period, both in 

 the E. and toward the interior. In 

 recent years certain French-Canadian 

 writers have unsuccessfully sought to 

 minimize this intermixture. In the Illi- 

 nois-Missouri region these alliances were 

 favored by the missionaries from the 

 beginning of the 18th century. As early 

 as 1693 a mem))er of the La Salle expedi- 

 tion married the daughter of the chief of 

 the Kaskaskia. Few French families in 

 that part of the country are free from 

 Indian blood. The establishment of 

 trading posts at Detroit, Mackinaw, Du- 

 luth, etc., aided the fusion of races. The 

 spreatl of the activities of the Hudson's 

 Bay Company gave rise in the Canadian 

 Northwest to a po.puIation of mixed- 

 bloods of considerable historic impor- 

 tance, the offspring of Indian mothers and 

 Scotch, French, and English fathers. 

 Manitoba, at the time of its admission 

 into thedominion, had somel0,000 mixed- 

 bloods, one of whom, John Norquay, 

 afterward became premier of the Provin- 

 cial government. Some of the employees 

 of the fur companies who had taken 

 Indian wives saw their descendants flour- 

 ish in Montreal and other urban centers. 

 The tribes that have furnished the most 

 mixed-bloods are theCreeand Chippewa, 

 and next the Sioux, of n. w. Canada; the 

 Chippewa, Ottawa, and related tribes of 

 the great lakes; and about Green bay, 

 the Menominee. Toward thelNIississippi 

 and beyond it were a few Dakota and 

 Blackfoot mixed-bloods. Harvard (Rep. 

 Smithson. Inst., 1879) estimated the total 

 number in 1879 at 40,000. Of these about 

 22,000 were in United States territory and 

 18,000 in Canada. Of 15,000 persons of 

 Canadian-French descent in Michigan few 

 were probably free from Indian blood. 

 Some of the French mixed-bloods wan- 

 dered as far as the Pacific, establishing 

 settlements of their own kind beyond the 

 Rocky mts. The first wife of the noted eth- 

 nologist Schoolcraft was the daughter of 

 an Irish gentleman by a Chippewa moth- 

 er, another of whose daughters married 

 an Episcopal clergyman, and a third a 

 French-Canadian lundjerer. Although 

 some of the English colonies endeavored 

 to promote the intermarriage of the two 



Bull. 30—05- 



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