914 



MIXED BLOODS MIXED SENEGAS AND SHAWNEES 



Ib. a. e. 



races, the only notable case in Virginia 

 is that of Pocahontas (q. v. ) and John 

 Rolfe. The Athapascan and other tribes 

 of the extreme N. W. have intermixed 

 but little with the whites, though there 

 are Russian mixed-bloods in Alaska. In 

 British Columliiaand the adjoining parts 

 of the United States are to be found some 

 mixed-bloods, the result of intermarriage 

 of French traders and employees with 

 native Avomen. Some intermixture of 

 captive white blood exists among the 

 Apache, Comanche, Kiowa, and other 

 raiding tribes along the Mexican and 

 Texas border, the children seeming to 

 inherit superior industry. The Pueblos, 

 with the notable exception of the Lagunas, 

 have not at all favored intermarriage 

 with P^uropeans. The modern Siouan 

 tribes have intermarried to some extent 

 with white Americans, as some of them 

 did in early days with the French of 

 Canada. The Five Civilized Tribes of 

 Oklahoma — Cherokee, Choctaw, Chicka- 

 saw, Creeks, and Seminole — have a large 

 element of white blood, some through 

 so-called squaw-men, some dating back 

 to British and French traders before the 

 Revolution. In the Cherokee Nation 

 especially nearly all the leading men for 

 a century have been more of white than 

 of Indian l)lood, the noted John Ross 

 himself being onlv one-eighth Indian. 

 Mooney (19th Rep. B. A. E., 83, 1900) 

 considers that much of the advance in 

 civilization made by the Cherokee has 

 been "due to the intermarriage among 

 them of white men, chiefly traders of 

 the ante-Revolutionary period, with a 

 few Americans from the back settle- 

 ments." Most of this white blood was of 

 good Irish, Scotch, American, and Ger- 

 man stock. Under the former lawsof the 

 Cherokee Nation anyone who could prove 

 the smallest proportion of Cherokee blood 

 was rated as Cherokee, including many 

 of one-sixteenth, one-thirty-second, orless 

 of Indian blood. In 1905 the Cherokee 

 Nation numbered 36,782 citizens. Of 

 these, about 7,000 were adopted whites, 

 negroes, and Indians of other tribes, while 

 of the rest probably not one-fourth are 

 of even approximately pure Indian blood. 

 Some of the smaller tribes removed from 

 the E., as the Wyandot (Hurons) and 

 Kaskaskia, have not now a single full- 

 blood, and in some tribes, notably the 

 Cherokee and Osage, the jealousies from 

 this cause have led to the formation of 

 rival full- blood and mixed-blood fac- 

 tions. During the Spanish domination 

 in the s. e Atlantic region intermix- 

 ture perhaps took place, but not much; in 

 Texas, however, intermarriage of whites 

 and Indians was common. The peoples 

 of Iroquoian stock have a large admix- 

 ture of white blood, French and English, 



both from captives taken during the wars 

 of the 17th and 18th centuries and by the 

 process of adoption, much favored by 

 them. Such intermixture contains more 

 of the combination of white mother and 

 Indian father than is generally the case. 

 Some English-Iroquois intermixture is 

 still in process in Ontario. The Iroquois 

 of St Regis, Canghnawaga, and other 

 agencies can hardly boast an Indian of 

 pure blood. According to the Almanach 

 Iroquois for 1900, the blood of Eunice 

 Williams, captured at Deerfield, Mass., in 

 1704, an<l adopted and married within 

 the tril)e, flows in the veins of 125 de- 

 scendants at Canghnawaga; Silas Rice, 

 captured at Marlboro, Mass., in 1703, has 

 1,350 descendants; Jacob Hill and John 

 Stacey, captured near Albany in 1755, 

 have, respectively, 1,100 and 400 descen- 

 dants. Similar cases are found among 

 the New York Iroquois. Dr Boas (Pop. 

 Sci. Mo., XLv, 1894) has made an 

 anthropometric study of the mixed- 

 bloods, covering a large amount of data, 

 especially concerning the Sioux and the 

 eastern Chippewa. The total numbers 

 investigated were 647 men and 408 

 women. As compared with the Indian, 

 the mixed-blood, so far as investigations 

 have shown, is taller, men exhibiting 

 greater divergence than women. 



A large proportion of negro blood ex- 

 ists in many tribes, particularly in those 

 formerly residing in the Gulf states, and 

 among the remnants scattered along the 

 Atlantic coast from Massachusetts south- 

 ward. The Five Civilized Tribes of Okla- 

 homa, having been slaveholders and sur- 

 rounded by Southern influences, generally 

 sided with theSouth intheCivil war. On 

 being again received into friendly rela- 

 tions with the Government they were 

 compelled by treaty to free their slaves 

 and admit them to equal Indian citi- 

 zenship. In 1905 there were 20,619 

 of these adopted negro citizens in these 

 five tribes, besides all degrees of admix- 

 ture in such proportions that the census 

 takers are frequently unable to discrimi- 

 nate. The Cherokee as a body have re- 

 fused to intermarry with their negro citi- 

 zens, but among the Creeks and the Semi- 

 nole intermarriage has been ver}-^ great. 

 The Pamunkey, Chickahominy, Marsh- 

 pee, Narraganset, and Gay Head rem- 

 nants have much negro blood, and con- 

 versely there is no doubt that many of 

 the broken coast tribes have been com- 

 pletely ab.sorbed into the negro race. 

 See C'roatan Indians, Metis, Popular fal- 

 lacies, (a. f. c. j. m. ) 



Mixed Senecas and Shawnees. The for- 

 mer official designation of the mixed 

 band of Mingo (Seneca) and Shawnee 

 who removed from Lewistown, Ohio, to 

 the W. about 1833 {seeMiugo). By treaty 



