924 



MOHAWK 



[r. a. e. 



parties to the Mississippi and to the shores 

 of Hudson bay. The Mohawk villages 

 were in the valley of Mohawk r., N. Y., 

 from the vicinity of Schenectady nearly to 

 Utica, and their territory extended n. to 

 the St Lawrence and s. to the watershed 

 of Schoharie cr. and the e. branch of the 

 Susquehanna. On the e. their territories 

 adjoined those of the Mahican, who held 

 Hudson r. From their position on the e. 

 frontier of the Irocjuois confederation the 

 Mohawk were among the most prominent 

 of thelroquoian tribes in the early Indian 

 wars and in official negotiations with the 

 colonies, so that their name was fre- 

 quently used by the tribes of New England 

 and by the whites as a synonym for the 

 confederation. Owing to their position 

 they al.so suffered much more than their 

 confederates in some of the Indian and 

 French wars. Tlieir 7 villages of 1644 

 were reduced to 5 in 1677. At the begin- 

 ning of the Revolution the Mohawk took 

 the side of the British, and at its conclu- 

 sion the larger portion of them, under 

 Brant and Johnson, removed to Canada, 

 where they have since resided on lands 

 granted to them by the British govern- 

 ment. In 1777 the Oneida expelled the 

 remainder of the tribe and l^urned their 

 villages. 



In 1650 the Mohawk had an estimated 

 population of 5,000, which was probably 

 more than their actual number; for 10 

 years later they were estimated at only 

 2,500. Thenceforward they underwent 

 a rapid decline, caused by their wars 

 with the Mahican, Conestoga, and other 

 tribes, and with the French, and also by 

 the removal of a large part of the tribe to 

 Caughnawaga and other mission villages. 

 The later estimates of their population 

 have been: 1,500 in 1677 (an alleged de- 

 crease of .3,500 in 27 years), 400 in 1736 

 (an alleged decrease of 1,100 in 36 years), 

 500 in 1741, 800 in 1765, 500 in 1778, 1,500 

 in 1783, and about 1,200 in 1851. These 

 estimates are evidently little better than 

 vague guesses. In 1884 they were on 

 three reservations in Ontario: 965 at the 

 Bay of Quinte near the e. end of L. On- 

 tario, the settlement at Gibson, and the 

 reserve of the Six Nations on Grand r. 

 Besifles these there are a few individuals 

 scattered among the different Iroquois 

 tribes in the United States. In 1906 the 

 Bay of Quinte settlement contained 1,320; 

 there were 140 (including " Algonquins" ) 

 atWatha, the former Gibson band wliich 

 was removed earlier from Oka; and the 

 Six Nations included an indeterminate 

 number. 



The Mohawk participated in the follow- 

 ing treaties with the United States: Ft 

 Stanwix, N. Y., Oct. 22, 1784, being a 

 treaty of peace between the United States 

 and the Six Nations and defining their 



boundaries; supplemented by treaty of 

 Ft Harmar, O., Jan. 9, 1789. Konon- 

 daigua ( Canandaigua) , N. Y., Nov. 11, 

 1794, establishing peace relations with the 

 Six Nations and agreeing to certain reser- 

 vations and boundaries. Albany, N. Y., 

 Mar. 29, 1797, by which the United States 

 sanctioned the cession l)y the Mohawk to 

 the state of New York of all their lands 

 therein. 



The names of the following Mohawk 

 villages have been preserved: Canajoha- 

 rie, Canastigaone, Canienga, Caughna- 

 waga, Chuchtononeda, Kanagaro, Kowo- 

 goconnughariegugharie, Nowadaga, Ono- 

 alagona, Osquake, Saratoga, Schaunac- 

 tada (Schenectady), Schoharie, and Tea- 

 tontaloga. (.J. n. b. h.) 



Agnechronons. — Jes. Rel. for 1652 35, 1858. Ag- 

 nee. — Jes. Rel. for 1642, 83,1858. Agneehronon. — 

 Jes. Rel. for 1640, 35, 18.58. Agneronons.— Jes. 

 Rel. for 1643, 63, 1858. Agmc — Homanii Heirs' 

 map, 1756 (misprint). Agniehronnons. — Jes. 

 Rel. for 1664, 34, 1858. Agniehroron — Jes. Rel. 

 for 1637, 119, 185,s. Agnierhonon— Jes. Rel. for 

 1639, 70, 1868. Agnieronnons.— les. Rel. for 1666, 

 2, 18,58. Agnieronons. — Dollier and Gallin(?e 

 (1669) in Margry, Die, I, 141, 1875. Agnierrho- 

 nons.— Jes. Rel. for 1635,34, 1858. Agniers.— Hen- 

 nepin, New Discov., 101, 1698. Agniez. — Frontenac 

 (1673) in Margry, Dee., I, 213, l.s75. Agnizez. — 

 Vaillant (1688) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., ni, 527, 

 1853. Aguierhonon.— Sagard (1632), Hist. Can., 

 IV, 1866 (Huron name) Amohak. — Gatschet, 

 Penobscot MS., B. A. E., 1887 (Penobscot name). 

 A'muhak.— Gatschet, Caughnawaga MS.,B. A.E., 

 1882 (Caughnawaga name). Anaguas.— Le Beau, 

 Avantures, n, 2, 1738. Aniaka-haka.— Gatschet, 

 Caughnawaga MS., B. A. K., ls.s2 (Canghnuwaga 

 name). Anie. — Bacqueville de la Potlierie, Hist, 

 de I'Am.Sept ,ni, 27, 1753. Aniez — Dellsle, map 

 (1718), quoted in N. Y. Doe. Col. Hist., V, .577. 1855. 

 Anniegue. — Jes. Rel. for 1665, 21. 1858. Anniehron- 

 nons. — Jes. Rel. for 1653, 5, 18,58. Anniengehron- 

 nons. — Jes. Rel. for 16.57, 53. 1858. Annienhron- 

 nons — Ibid. ,36. Annieronnons. — Ibid. ,15. Annie- 

 ronons. — Jes. Rel. for 1656, 11, 1858. Annierron- 

 nons— Jes. Rel. for 1646, 3, 1858. Annies —Tracy 

 (1667) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., ni, 152, 1853. An- 

 niez.— Frontenac (1673)in Margry, D6c. ,1,203, 1875. 

 Aquieeronons.— Jes. Rel. for 1641, 37, 1858. Aqui- 

 ers.— Charlevoi.x, Jour., I, 270, 1761 (misprint). 

 Auniers.— Chauvignerie (1736), quoted by School- 

 craft, Ind. Tribes, in, 555, 1853. Aunies — JSIcKen- 

 ney and Hall, Ind. Tribes, ni, 80, 1854. Canaon- 

 euska,— Montreal conf. (1756) in N. Y. Doc. Col. 

 Hist., -X, 500, 18.58. Caniengas.— Hale quoted in 

 Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., V, 42, 1885. Canniungaes. — 

 N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., I.x, 262, note, 185.5. Canun- 

 gas.— Mallery in Proc. A. A. A. S., XXVI, 352, 1877. 

 Cauneeyenkees.— Edwards (1751) in Mass. Hist. 

 Soc. Coll., 1st s., X, 143, 1809. Cayingahaugas.— 

 Macauley, N. Y., Il, 174, 1829. Conninggahaugh- 

 gaugh.— ibid,, 185 La-ga-e-6-ga.— Morgan, League 

 Iroq.,97, IHr.l (name used in the Iroquois coun- 

 cils). Gagnieguez.— Hennepin, New Discov., 92, 

 1698. Ganeagaonhoh.— Mallery in Proc. A. A. A. 

 S., XXVI, 3.52, 1877. Ga-ne-a'-ga-o-no'. — Morgan, 

 League Iroq., 523, 1851 (Seneca name). Ga-ne- 

 ga-ha'-ga.— Ibid., 523 (Mohawk form), Ganieguero- 

 nons.— Courcelles (1670) in Margry, Dec, I, 

 178, 1875. Gani-inge-haga.— Pyrlseus (ca. 1750) 

 quoted by Gatschet in Am. Antiq., iv, 75, 

 1882. Gaiiingehage.— Barclay (1769) quoted by 

 Shea, Cath. Mi.ss., 208, 1855. GanniagSari.— Bruyas 

 quoted in Hist. Muk., ll, 1.53, 1X58. Ganniagwari. — 

 Shea, iiiitc in Charlevoix, New Fr., li, 145, 1872. 

 Ganniegehaga. — Hniyas (|U(ited by Shea, Cath. 

 Miss., 208, 1S55. Ganniegeronon. — Ibid. Gannie- 

 gez.— Hennepin, New Discov., 28, 1698. Ganniegue. — 

 Shea, Cath. Miss. ,2.58, 1855. Ganniekez.— Hennepin 

 (1683) quoted by Le Beau, Avantures, ll, 2, 1738. 

 Ganningehage.— Barclay (1769) quoted in Hi.st. 



