960 



MUSIC AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 



[b. a. e. 



rhythm within a rhythm, another com- 

 phcation being added when the drmn is 

 beaten to a measure different from that 



CHIPPEWA DRUMS. (jENKs) 



of the song; so that one may hear three 

 rhythms, two of them contesting, some- 

 times with syncopation, yet resulting in a 

 well - built whole. 

 It has always been 

 ditticult for a lis- 

 tener of another 

 race to catch an In- 

 dian song, as the 

 melody is often 

 "hidden by over- 

 powering noise." 

 When, however, 

 this difficulty has 

 been overcome, 

 these untrammeled 

 expressions of emo- 

 tions ])resent a rich 

 field in which to 

 observe the growth 

 of musical form and the beginning of 

 musical thinking. They form an impor- 

 tant chapter in tJie development of music. 

 Apart from this historic value, these songs 



KWAKiuTL Rattles 



Turtle-shell Rattle; 

 IROQUOIS (i-s) 



HuPA rattle; 

 (mason) 



offer to the composer a wealth of melodic 

 and rhythmic movements, and that pecu- 

 liar inspiration which heretofore has been 



obtained solely from the folk songs of 

 Europe. 



Musical Instruments. — Drums vary in 

 size and structure, and certain ceremonies 

 have their jjeculiar type. On the N. W. 

 coast a plank or box 

 serves as a drum. Whis- 

 tles of bone, wood, or 

 pottery, some producing 

 two or more tones, are 

 employed in some cere- 

 monies; they symbolize 

 the cry of birds or ani- 

 mals, or the voices of 

 spirits. Pandean pipes, 

 which occur in South 

 America, were unknown 

 in the northern conti- 

 nent until recent times. In the S. W., 

 notched sticks are rasped together or on 

 gourds, bones, or baskets, to accentuate 



Gourd Rattle; hopi; 

 1-6. ( Stevenson) 



NOTCHED stick 

 AND DEER 



Scapula used 

 for rattle; 

 Hopi; 1-12. 

 (stevenson) 



■M 



-8. (boas) 



OMAHA Flute. 

 (j. o. Dorset) 



'I 



rhythm. The flageolet is widely distrib- 

 uted and is played by young men dur- 

 ing courtship; it also accompanies the 

 songs of certain Pueblo 

 ceremonies. Rattles (q. 

 V. ) were universal. The 

 intoning of rituals, incan- 

 tations, and speeches can 

 hardly be regarded as of 

 musical character. The 

 musical bow is used by 

 the Maidu of California 

 and by the Tepehuane, 

 Cora, and Huichol tribes 

 of the Piman stock in 

 Mexico. Among the 

 Maidu this bow plays an 

 important part in reli- 

 gion and much sorcery is 

 connected with it. 



For further information consult Baker, 

 Ueber die INIusik des Nordamerikani- 

 schen Wilden, 1882; Boas (1) in 6th 

 Rep. B. A. E., 1888, (2) in Rep. Nat, 



BONE WHISTLES; 



( Mason) 



