KIDDER-GUERNSEY | ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 61 
Both kivas were full of building stones, rocks sloughed off from the 
cave roof above, and mixed débris containing an unusually large 
number of potsherds. Most of this rubbish seems to have fallen and 
slid into them from the rooms behind. Much of it was charred, but 
the loops in the floor of kiva 2 are quite untouched by fire. In 
the débris of kiva 2 was found a small cylindrical cup of cotton- 
wood, showing faint traces of an incised design (fig. 46); on the 
floor was part of a black-and-white bowl containing the carbonized 
meats of pifon nuts. 
SurFAcCE Rurns in Marsy Pass 
The remainder of our time in Marsh Pass was spent in examining 
the ruins of villages in the open. All along the northeastern side 
of the valley at the foot of the rock slopes are swells or hummocks 
of sandstone, some almost bare, some partly covered with red adobe 
earth (pl. 21, 6). Upon these, at varying heights above the valley 
bottom, a few even on the flat, but always close to the rocks, are to 
be seen tumbled piles of building stone, with here and there a pro- 
truding fragment of wall (see pl. 1). About these former village 
sites, and particularly on the slopes below them, are fragments of 
broken pottery in the most extraordinary quantities. In some places, 
where the water has washed away the sand and gathered them to- 
gether, they lie as thick as the shingle on a beach. The houses about 
which these sherds are strewn are apparently all of very much the 
same type, but with one exception the heavy rains and fierce winter 
winds of the pass have completely leveled them. 
RUIN A 
This favored exception is a ruin standing on a rocky eminence 
about 3 miles above the place where Sagi Canyon enters the pass 
(pl. 22, a). It is figured by Professor Cummings! and described as 
follows: 
Frequently a large building that has served as a fort or place of assembly, 
and perhaps both, was surrounded by many smaller structures grouped about 
it, as in the case of a large ruin near Marsh Pass, in northern Arizona. The 
main building was a rectangular structure, 90 feet long and 104 feet wide, that 
evidently was two stories in height. Parts of the walls above tne first story 
still stand and some of the timbers that supported the floor of the second story 
are yet in place. All about are found the ruins of smaller structures, and the 
ground is full of broken pieces of pottery of excellent manufacture in corru- 
gated ware and in the smooth white ware decorated in black and the red ware 
decorated in black and yellow. 
1Cummings, 1910, pp. 28, 29, 
