II. MATERIAL CULTURE 
N this section are described the minor antiquities recovered during 
the two seasons’ work. The specimens are assigned to three 
groups: Those from the cliff-houses, those from the lower level of 
Ruin 5, and those from the Basket Maker caves. The recognition 
of two distinct cultures—the Cliff-house and the Basket Maker, with 
the addition of the somewhat more doubtful Slab-house culture 
based on the finds from Ruin 5—is thoroughly believed in by the 
authors. As to the correctness of this grouping the reader may 
judge for himself after a consideration of the evidence of the major 
remains (houses, burial places, etc.) presented in the preceding sec- 
tion, and of that of the minor antiquities about to be described. 
The objects from all the cliff-houses are discussed together, and the 
same has been done with the material from the three Basket Maker 
caves. The Peabody Museum catalogue number of each specimen 
mentioned but not figured is given in the text, and each is referred 
to its proper ruin or cave; the locations and catalogue numbers of 
figured specimens may be found in the Appendix. 
A. CLIFF-HOUSE CULTURE? 
Foop 
VEGETAL 
Corn was apparently the staple food of the people. A large part 
of the rubbish in every house consisted of corn husks, stalks, and 
cobs. On the specimens submitted to him for examination, Mr. G. F. 
Will, of Bismarck, North Dakota, has given us some interesting 
notes, which for convenience in comparison are placed with his 
remarks on Basket Maker corn (p. 154). Stores of shelled corn 
(presumably for seed) were found in Ruins 2 (pl. 34, ¢) and 7. 
Long ropes of braided husks and the butts of ears strung together 
on yucca leaves show that the ancients hung up their maize to dry 
exactly as do the modern Pueblo Indians. Cobs with rough sticks 
inserted in their butts came from several sites, and from Ruin 3 
pairs of cobs fastened together, butt to butt, by means of small 
sticks (pl. 34, d). The purpose of this practice is unknown. 
Beans, both plain red and red-and-white, were extensively used. 
We have not yet succeeded in having botanical identifications made. 
1 Ruins 1 to 9, inclusive, Sunflower Cave and Marsh Pass surface sites, 
98 
