KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 101 
insects, but when new the fluff string, like the feather cord, must 
have made up into a soft, warm fabric. These specimens may be 
parts of sock-like shoes or bootees such as are contained in the Ameri- 
can Museum collection from Grand Gulch, Utah;? these are made in 
one piece, in the same weave and of the same fluff string as our pieces. 
Moccasins are represented in our collection by a single specimen 
of somewhat doubtful antiquity (A-1318, Ruin 4, see p. 37). It is 
made of heavy leather, and is exactly like the examples used by the 
Navaho to-day. Moccasins were, however, made by the Cliff-dwellers, 
having been found on “ mummies” and in the ruins.” 
Sandals were the standard footgear; we obtained about 100 speci- 
mens. They may be classified as follows: 
Tyrer I.—Yucca leaf. Type IT.—Cord. 
a, Twilled weaving. a, Wickerwork. 
1, Coarse. b, Twined weaving. 
2, Fine. e, Coil without foun- 
6, Wickerwork. dation. 
Type I, a, 1 (pl. 35). Coarse twilled weaving of whole yucca 
leaves. The typically square heels of these sandals have a pad made 
by turning back the butts of the leaves after the actual weaving has 
been completed. The plaiting starts at the toe, which is usually 
square, sometimes a little rounded, rarely shaped for right or left 
foot. Eight or nine leaves are used and doubled to make sixteen or 
eighteen elements. These are laid side by side and braided to- 
gether, over two under two, until the desired length is reached. 
Then a transverse element, usually a short bit of yucca (fig. 36), is 
laid across the leaves, every other one of which is brought about it in 
a half-turn, pulled through, and folded back over the top of the 
sandal, where it is left uncut as a pad for the heel. The odd ele- 
ments run under the transverse bar and are held in place by it. They 
are usually trimmed off short, but in some cases the transverse bar is 
made double and the odd elements are turned back about it under- 
neath the sandal, thus making a stouter heel. As the component 
leaves usually run the whole length of the sandals and back again 
(fig. 86), the length of the sandals is limited to less than half the 
length of a single leaf; hence they are seldom more than 8 inches 
long and must, therefore, have been worn chiefly by children. 
Type I, a, 2 (pls. 36, 37). This type was also made of whole 
leaves and is also of diagonal over-two under-two plaiting. It dif- 
fers from the other type, however, in that the examples are much 
more finely woven and in the fact that the component leaves do not 
1A. M. N. H. no. H-12988. The collection in the American Museum from Grand 
Gulch contains material from both Cliff-dwelling and Basket Maker caves. 
2 Cf. Fewkes, 1909, fig. 837; Nordenskidld, 1893, pl. xix, 2. 
