KIDDER—GUERNSEY ] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 105 
The warp prepared, the weft is run in. Its weaving is extraor- 
dinarily fine, there being no fewer than 22 strands to the inch (8 
warp-elements to the inch). In spite of this closeness of weave, it is 
not probable that any frame or loom was used to hold the warp in 
place, although a small comb might have been employed to push or 
work down the weft-strands snugly against each other. In this 
connection, a statement of Mr. Richard Wetherill is of interest : 
Sandals have been found (in southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah) 
in great numbers partially completed, from fine threads of yucca to the whole 
leaf, and all seemed to be worked offhand. Those made of fine thread and 
unfinished have been found with the loose ends tied in a bunch to keep from 
tangling until time could be had to complete them. The coarser kinds merely 
had the ends sticking out at all angles. In all cases the toe was made 
first.* 
In the body of the sandal, where the sides are parallel, the weft 
is merely run across from side to side. At the toe the process is 
somewhat complicated by the looping of the warp. The difficulty is, 
however, very neatly overcome, the weft-elements at the toe being 
kept from going slack as they radiate, by the introduction of short 
“fillers” run from the edge to the center and back again. 
The normal weave of the sandal body is shown in the drawing 
(fig. 38). It is ordinary twining. The edges are given a tight and 
even binding by taking a double turn with one of the weft-strands 
about the outer warp, its paired strand taking a single turn about the 
warp just within. The raised pattern or underside strengthening, 
so characteristic of this type of sandal, is not an added or imbri- 
cated feature, but is produced, as the drawing shows, by taking a 
double turn of one of the paired twined elements about the other in 
such a way that it appears only on the underside. These knots are 
arranged in geometrical patterns. Their purpose was probably to 
strengthen the sole and roughen it for gripping smooth rocks.? 
This sandal type suggests a possible use for certain flat stones, 
shaped like “jog-toed” sandals, that have been commonly found in 
the ruins of the San Juan drainage. These stones have always been 
called “sandal lasts,” but their large size, and the fact that none of 
them have any holes or grooves for the attachment of strings, have 
made the method of their employment uncertain. Their form, how- 
ever, 1s so exactly that of the “ jog-toed ” sandals that it seems certain 
that they must have had some connection with the making of them. 
Their identification as sandal stones is made even more positive by 
the existence of a pottery “ sandal last” in the possession of Mr. M. C. 
Long,*® which bears on its surface the intaglio imprint of the knot- 
1 Wetherill, 1897, p. 248. 
2 Consult, however, Cushing in Snyder, 1899, in which are discussed possible magical 
concepts connected with these raised patterns. 
® Figured by Snyder, 1899, p. 7 and fig. 3. 
