KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 107 
which it is made is apparently cotton with woolly brown animal hair 
so worked into it in spinning as to fluff out on all sides of it and much 
increase its thickness and warmth, while adding practically nothing 
to its weight. 
Sandal ties—There were two methods of attaching sandals to the 
feet: by edge loops, and by toe-heel loops. In the first case, loops 
of string or yucca leaf were fastened all around the edge of the 
sandal (pls. 40, 6; 41, a). By means of strings rove through these 
loops, laced over the toes and instep and about the ankle, the foot- 
gear was held firmly in place. Padding of cedar bark or corn 
husks was commonly introduced under the lacings and between the 
foot and the sole. Edge-loop attachment is found on sandals of all 
types except those of coarse yucca-leaf wickerwork (I, >), which 
have no edge suitable to hold the loops. 
The toe-heel loop attachment is made up of toe loop, heel loop, 
and tie string (pls. 38, a; 41, 0). The tie string begins on the 
instep, is turned about the toe loop, brought back and turned about 
the heel loop on the right, over the instep and about the heel 
loop on the left, back to the instep and made fast (pl. 38, a). The 
heel-and-toe loops are worked into the body of the sandal. The toe 
loop usually takes in the second and third toes, but we have one speci- 
men (A-1682, Ruin 9) which is provided with two loops, one to hold 
the great toe, the other to engage the second and third toes. A varia- 
tion in the toe-loop attachment is shown in plates 35, 0}, 41, c, the sec- 
ond and third toes are held by a crossing of the tie string, which is run 
through the body of the sandal in front, crosses above the inclosed 
toes, runs back over the instep and about the ankle, being caught 
through the body of the sandal at the heel. A short string about the 
back of the heel serves to hold the tie cord taut. 
The loops and tie strings are generally of yucca cord or of whole 
yucca leaves, less commonly of braided yucca, feather cord, or rags 
of cotton cloth. No ties of human-hair string, so commonly present 
on Basket Maker sandals, were found in the cliff-dwellings. 
Hovusenotp APPURTENANCES 
Cradles were found in Ruins 3 and 7. The specimen from the 
former site (A-1285) is merely a peeled stick half an inch thick, 
bent into an open loop, 26 inches long by 10 inches wide, and 
laced across and across with an open mesh of yucca leaves. AlI- 
though this is undoubtedly a cradle, it was presumably only a 
makeshift affair, as it is much inferior in workmanship to the 
one from Ruin 7 (pl. 42). Although battered by use and prob- 
ably discarded as worn out (it was found in the rubbish covered 
with turkey dung), this cradle still shows the excellence of its 
