KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 119 
edges; numbers of such flakes are to be found about the ruins. The 
method of felling trees may be reconstructed by studying the butt 
ends of house rafters. A groove was first hacked around the trunk 
with a stone ax, then the tree was bent enough to produce a tension 
on the fibers, which were finally sawed across with a flake. The bute 
was commonly trimmed to a roughly conical shape, more rarely 
rubbed down to a flat surface. Knots were hacked off -with the 
stone ax. The preliminary shaping of implements seems to have 
been done by whittling or scraping with stone knives and flakes, the 
finishing by rubbing, first with coarse sandstone, then with closer- 
grained stone. High polish, presumably acquired in service, is 
sometimes found on hardwood tools. 
Architectural. wood.—Under this head come terracing logs, roof 
beams, logs incorporated in masonry, door lintels, and door staples. 
Roof beams were usually of cedar, terracing logs and logs in ma- 
sonry were either cedar or pifion. None of the pieces found were very 
large, but there were indications in the walls of some of the houses 
of the use of beams 12 to 14 feet long and 12 inches through the butt. 
Wooden lintels and staples were made of cedar or oak. 
Boards.—¥F lat wooden objects were taken from’ Ruin 3 and from 
the small house near Ruin 2. The former (A—1294) is oval, 10 
inches long, 8 inches wide, three-eighths inch thick, well finished 
and having a drilled hole near the edge in the middle of one of 
the long sides; the latter (pl. 46 A, 6) is rectangular, 17 inches long, 
63 inches wide, one-half inch thick; it has perforations at the corners 
of one end. The use of these boards is problematical; specimens of 
the rectangular type (which are not uncommon in cliff-houses) are 
sometimes called cradle boards without, it seems to us, sufficient justi- 
fication. 
Billets—In the collection are heavy pieces of worked wood of 
various sizes and shapes. All of them show wear, and some bear 
scratches and hacks that suggest use as lapboards. One flat example, 
14 inches long, 13 inches wide, 1 inch thick, has at the ends lines of 
pricked holes, symmetrically arranged and evidently made for some 
definite purpose (pl. 46 A, a, Ruin 1). Found lying together in Ruin 
3 were a loaf-shaped block of cottonwood 12 inches long and a bar 
of the same length, oval in cross section (A-1277, 1278); the two 
were evidently used together, but in what way is not obvious. 
Digging sticks —There are two types of digging sticks, the long 
and the short handled. The former have a length of from 3 feet to 
- 8 feet 6 inches, are provided with well-defined pointed or flat blades, 
round shafts, and sometimes round knobs at the proximal ends (pl. 
47, c, d, e). Our best specimens are made of oak. The short type 
(pl. 47, 7, 7) comprises examples 18 inches to 2 feet 6 inches long. 
They are merely stout sticks, commonly of greasewood, with flat 
