120 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 65 
points that show signs of use in the ground. The exact duplicates 
of these specimens in everything except excellence of finish are to be 
seen in use by the Navaho at the present day. 
* Seed beaters.’—This is a conjectural identification applied to a 
set of objects found cached behind the rear wall of a small granary 
near Ruin 1. As the photographs show (pl. 48, a, >), they were 
made by lashing together at the butts five or six slim willow twigs 
24 inches long in such a way that they all le in the same plane, 
spreading apart from each other a little toward the tips. The twigs 
are peeled, except at their butts, where they are fastened together 
with sinew bindings and overwrappings of yucca string. The 
workmanship is extraordinarily neat. There are three complete 
specimens and two pairs of twigs prepared for making a fourth. 
Less well-made examples of this type are in the American Museum 
and the Field Museum (all, presumably, from Grand Gulch, Utah) ; 
the former are figured by Goddard.t| Their use is problematical; 
they might have served as cotton beaters (American Museum label) 
or, as we are inclined to believe, to knock the seeds from grass 
plants into gathering baskets. 
Skinning knives—From Ruins 4 and 8 came well-made little tools, 
41 inches long and one-eighth inch thick; their relative widths are 
shown in plate 49, %, 7. One is worked down to a sharp, chisel-like 
edge at one end, the other at both ends, and these edges are in each ~ 
case stained with a red liquid, apparently blood. The third speci- 
men shown (pl. 49, m) was collected by us in Grand Gulch, Utah, 
in 1912; it is similar in shape to the single-edged Monument ex- 
ample, and is also stained red at the tip. These delicate little ob- 
jects could never, of course, have been used for making the first 
incision in the hide of any animal, but they might have been useful 
in working the cut skin away from the flesh. We can account for 
the blood stains, if such they be, in no other way. 
Scrapers.—Plate 49, a—-g, shows various scraping and rubbing im- 
plements of oak and cedar. The long specimen seems to have been a 
sort of drawknife, as the sharpened edge is on the convexity of 
the curve. 
Awls.—Although we found no awls of wood during our excava- 
tions, they were probably in fairly common use in the district, as 
the three fine examples in plate 49, h—j, one with two drilled holes in 
its butt, were picked up by one of the authors several years ago in 
houses in the near-by Sagi Canyon. 
Fire-making apparatus.—Fire drills and hearths were recovered 
from nearly every dwelling investigated. The former are round 
sticks averaging three-eighths of an inch in diameter, the points 
11913, p. 50. 
