III. CONCLUSION 
S was pointed out in the introduction to the section on Material 
Culture, our explorations yielded remains of what we consider 
to be two distinct cultures—the Cliff-houset and the Basket 
Maker. ‘There is some evidence also of a third culture, the Slab- 
house. In this concluding section we present certain notes and specu- 
lations based on the data gathered from these groups. 
CLIFF-HOUSE 
To summarize: We have abundant remains, in the form of cliff- 
dwellings and surface ruins, of a fairly homogeneous culture occupy- 
ing the whole region. It is characterized by stone houses built above 
ground, specialized ceremonial rooms or kivas, and high development 
of pottery. Corn, beans, and squash were cultivated, cotton was 
grown, and the turkey was domesticated. The textile arts were well 
developed, particularly in loom weaving, twilled work (matting, 
baskets, cotton bags), and twined work (cord sandals). Very good 
coiled basketry was produced, but apparently in rather limited quan- 
tities. Stone implements, both polished and chipped, were not re- 
markable either for abundance or for excellence of workmanship. 
All the cliff-dwellings and pueblos examined were enough alike in 
architecture, kiva construction, and pottery to warrant their being 
assigned to a single culture period. There are, however, differences 
between the pottery of some of the small settlements (Ruins 2, 3, 4, 5, 
and 7) on the one hand, and a group consisting of small houses 6 and 
8 and the pueblos of Marsh Pass on the other, that seem to show a 
variation of some sort within the culture, and therefore point to a 
fairly extended period of occupancy. The wares of the former divi- 
sion lack in general the features characteristic of high specializa- 
tion (shapes such as the flat-topped ollas and colanders; intensively 
elaborated decorations as, “under-framework ” in black-and-white ; 
white-edged designs in polychrome) which are found so commonly 
in the wares of the second group. This would seem to indicate that 
the ruins of the first group were somewhat earlier than those of the 
second, and also that they were of somewhat wider distribution; 
1Including, of course, the pueblos in the open; a better term is, perhaps, “ Kiva 
culture,” cf. Kidder, 1917. 
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