KIDDER-GUERNSEY] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 203 
sumably corresponding in function and surely in some way related 
to the recesses between the pilasters of Mesa Verde~-McElmo—Monte- 
zuma Creek kivas) none of them had pilasters. Their variable char- 
acter is marked. In relation to the Mesa Verde-McElmo—Monte- 
zuma Creek type they must be either early and unformed, late and 
degenerate, or peripheral. More than this can not be decided, but we 
incline to believe that the orthodox six-pilastered kiva is a product 
of the northern side of the San Juan and that our specimens are 
probably the result of a southwestern spread of the subterranean 
kiva cult. The earlier examples in our district would, in that case, 
be considered as peripheral. 
One interesting and at present inexplicable point is that in Turkey 
House, Sagi Canyon, there is a six-pilastered kiva. This ruin has 
pottery which is quite different from, and evidently earlier than, that 
of Kitsiel, though the two houses are only a few hundred yards 
apart. 
A further peculiar state of affairs is to be observed in the Sagi 
ruins: some of the houses have only round kivas, very similar, appar- 
ently, to the ones excavated by us; others have only rectangular cere- 
monial rooms which, however, seem to show round kiva influence in a 
form of deflector placed opposite the lateral entryway. The former 
class is well illustrated by Kitsiel, the latter by Betatakin. The 
pottery from these two ruins is of the highly specialized Kayenta 
style, and all the evidence leads to the belief that they were very 
nearly if not actually contemporaneous. While we can offer no 
explanation of this phenomenon, it emphasizes the fact that although 
the archeological problems of northern Arizona are very complex, 
there is a wealth of material available for their solution. 
SLAB-HOUSE 
To name a culture on so slight a body of evidence as that un- 
covered in Ruin 5 is perhaps unwise. It is certain, however, that 
the remains both of houses and of pottery brought to hight in the 
lower levels of that site differ markedly from those found at the top; 
their position also renders it certain that they are older. 
It is probable that the Slab-house remains are intermediate in 
time between the developed Cliff-houses and the Basket Maker habi- 
tations, but their cultural affinities to the two cannot be determined 
until we have more data. The similarity between Slab-house black- 
and-white pottery decoration and that of some of the Chaco Canyon 
black-and-white is another problem about which it is idle to speculate 
at the present time. As to the range of the Slab-house type of cul- 
ture we are ignorant; we found it a few miles to the east near Ruin 
1See Fewkes, 1911, and Cummings, 1915. 
