KIDDER—GUERNSEY ] ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA 207 
for storage, secondarily for burial. The examples cited by Cum- 
mings? from Sagiotsosi are probably Basket Maker products, the 
square-toed sandals found in one of them making, to our minds, 
the identification almost certain. 
Round subterranean rooms, some as large as 22 feet in diameter 
(construction not specified) and containing Basket Maker remains, 
are reported from Grand Gulch by MchLoyd and Graham.2 We 
found nothing resembling these. 
Summing up the above information, it would appear that the 
.Basket Makers used caves to some extent as dwelling places, but 
that they seldom if ever erected in them any houses worthy of the 
name. The stone-lined cists may have been used for sleeping places, 
storage bins, and, perhaps, secondarily, sometimes even primarily, for 
burial. The caves were presumably inhabited, but seemingly not 
for long periods (comparative thinness of débris of occupancy). It 
seems probable, therefore, that the people lived during a large part 
of the year in the open, where they presumably erected temporary 
houses analogous to the summer shelters of the Navaho; that they 
used the caves only in winter, perhaps even only during particularly 
severe weather. Whether burial was always in caves or, as among 
the cliff-dwelling people, sometimes in caves, sometimes in the open, 
we have at present no means of knowing. If the Basket Makers 
lived for a large part of each year outside the caves, we may expect 
eventually to find traces of their summer encampments. The identi- 
fication of such sites will not be an easy matter as, with the exception 
of pipes and the hemispherical type of bead, neither likely to be 
abundant in mere dwelling places, we have so far been unable to 
identify any objects characteristic of the Basket Makers, which are 
made of imperishable substances and which are therefore likely to 
be found in the open. 
Tue Spear THrower, or ATLATL 
The spear thrower with two-finger grip (made either by attaching 
loops, by cutting holes in the shaft, or by deeply notching its sides) 
_has a very interesting distribution.* It occurred most commonly, 
apparently, in central Mexico, but ranged outward to the north into 
Coahuila, to the south as far as Panama, and probably east into the 
Antilles Examples were recovered by Cushing at San Marcos, 
Florida. A specimen, presumably of this type, represented by a 
11910, pp. 13, 14. 
2 Quoted by Pepper, 1902, p. 7. 
>We leave out of consideration the usually asymetrical Eskimo type, the Ama- 
zonian single finger-hole type, and the Peruvian style with tied-on gripping piece. None 
of these can be believed to have more than a very distant relationship to the class 
under discussion. See Krause, 1905, p. 636. 
* Krause, p. 6382. 
