SIOUAN 

 MOONEY 



] MANAHOAC TKIBES AND HABITAT. 19 



J, ( Tegninalies, — Ibid., p. 134. 



( Tigninateos. — Smith, op. cit., p. 134. 



{ Whonkenieaes. — Smith, op. cit., p. 134. 



( Wkonkenties. — Jefferson, op. cit., p. 134. 



( Hasinninga. — Smith, op. cit., p. 186. 

 8. ^ Hassinuga. — Smith, oji. cit., m.ap. 



[^Hasninungaes. — Smith, op. cit., p. 134. 



The Maualioac coufederacy of Virginia consisted of perliaps a dozen 

 tribes, of which the uames of eight have been preserved. With the 

 exception of the Stegarake, all that is known of these tribes was 

 recorded by Smith, whose own acquaintance with them seems to have 

 been limited to an encounter with a large hunting party in 1608. Smith, 

 however, was a man who knew how to improve an opportunity} and 

 having had the good fortune to make one of them a prisoner he man- 

 aged to get from him a very fair idea of the tribes and territories of the 

 confederacy, their alliances and warfares, their manner of living, and 

 their cosmogony, and succeeded, before his departure, in arranging a 

 precarious peace between them and their hereditary enemies, the Pow- 

 hatan coufederacy. 



The Manahoac tiibes occupied the upper waters of the Rappahan- 

 nock above the falls near Fredericksburg. In this territory, comprising 

 northern Virginia between tide water and the Blue ridge, the allied 

 bands wandered about without any fixed location. Jeftersou's attempt 

 at locating them by counties is evidently based on Smith's map, which, 

 however, as regards this region, is only intended to be a rough approxi- 

 mation, as Smith did not penetrate far beyond the falls. Smith tells 

 us in one place that they lived at the head of the river, among the 

 mountains; and in another iilace (Smith, 3) he gives more detailed 

 information: 



Vpon the head of the river of Toppahanock is a people called Maniiahoacks. To 

 these are contributers the Tauxauias, the Shackacoiiias, the Oiitpoueas, the Tigui- 

 iiateos, the Whonkeiiteaes, the Stegarakes, the Hassiiiuiigaes, aud divers others, all 

 confederates with the MouacaiLS, though many differeut in language, aud be very 

 barbarous, liuing for tlie most part of the wild beasts and fruits. 



The history of the Manahoac begins in ]608, and as usual the first 

 encounter was a hostile one. In August of that year Captain Smith, 

 with 12 men and an Indian guide, ascended the Ilappahannock, 

 touching at the Indian villages along its banks, and having gone as far 

 as was i>ossible in the boat they lauded, probably about the present 

 site of Fredericksburg, to set up crosses aud cut their names on the 

 trees in token of possession. This done, they scattered to examine the 

 country, when one of the men suddenly noticed an arrow fall on the 

 ground near him, and looking up they saw " about an hundred nimble 

 Indians skipping from tree to tree, letting fly their arrowes so fast as 

 they could" (Smith, 4). Hastily getting behind trees, the whites met 

 the attack, being greatly aided by their Indian guide, who jumped 

 about in such lively fashion and kept up such a yelling, letting fly his 



