22 SIOUAN TRIBES OF THE EAST. [Sology 



and for a long time thereafter, tlie Iroquois invaders met no opposi- 

 tion to their southward advance until they struck the Conestoga 

 (Susquehanna) at the head of Cliesapeake bay and the Manahoac 

 themselves on the Eappahannock. The Conestoga, being a powerful 

 people and protected by stockaded forts, were able to hold out until 

 1G75, but the Manahoac, having no such defensive structures to which 

 they could retreat, and probably also having less capacity for organi. 

 zation, were sooner overpowered and forced to abandon their country. 

 Some fled to their kindred and friends, the Monacan, farther south 

 ward; but as these were exposed to the same invasion, it seems quite 

 probable that the majority chose rather to cross the mountains to their 

 westward and seek refuge in the unclaimed and untenanted region 

 of the Big Sandy, afterward known as the river of the Totteroy, the 

 generic Iroquois name for the eastern Siouan tribes, including the 

 Gatawba. 



In regard to these southern conquests by the Iroquois, a speaker for 

 the league, in a council at Lancaster in 1744, emphatically denied that, 

 the English had conquered any tribes in that direction excepting the 

 Powhatan and the Tuskarora, and asserted that all the world knew 

 that the Iroquois had conquered the tribes formerly living on the Sus- 

 quehanna and Potomac and at the back of the Blue ridge, and that 

 these tribes, or their remnants, were now a part of the Iroquois and 

 their lands belonged to the Iroquois alone. Amoiig these conquered 

 tribes he named the Conoyuch-such-roonaw, Cohnowas-ronow (Conoy ?), 

 Tohoairougii-roonaw (Tutelo?) and the Konnutskinough-roonaw, As 

 these are not the Iroquois names for the Cherokee, Delaware, Shaw- 

 ano, Miami or any other of the important tribes afterward known in 

 that region, it is possible that we have here, among others, the Mana- 

 hoac and Monacan under other names. 



All that we have of the language of the Manahoac is comprised in 

 tlie eight tribal names given by Smith, with the name-of the hunting 

 camp, Maliaskahod, and the single personal name Amoioleck. Even 

 these are open to suspicion, as they were obtained through an inter- 

 preter of a different linguistic stock. The names Manahoac and Ste- 

 garake look very much like Algonquian words, or foreign words with 

 an Algonquian snflix. The prefix mo 0Y*ma seems to be the same that 

 appears in all the Monacan tribal names, and is perhaps the Siouan 

 locative root wjo or ma, signifying place, earth, or country. Smith in 

 one place includes both Manahoac and Monacan in a list of tribes 

 which could not understand one another except through interpreters, 

 and again states rather indefinitely that among the Manahoac tribes 

 were "many different in language" (Smith, G), But although Smith 

 was intimately acquainted with the Powhatan tribes on the coast, and 

 to some extent with the Monacan, into whose territories lie once 

 conducted an exploring party, his knowledge of the Manahoac was 

 extremely limited, since, as we have shown, he never went beyond the 

 border of their country, and met with them on but one occasion, when 



