10 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [It'hnology 



sinacak;^ the former, the outpost or most easterly settlement of the 

 Monacaii, was 17 miles above the falls at Eichmoud, ou the southern 

 side of the river, near Huguenot springs. The old name of the town, 

 though in a modified form, is retained by the railway station of Manakin, 

 opposite that point. The only evidences now remaining are the tiint 

 chippings, which are abundant; all else that may have existed has been 

 destroyed by more than two centuries of constant cultivation. On the 

 northern side of the river a great many arrowpoints and spearheads 

 are to be found; and on the bottom lands many chips and unfinished 

 implements occur. Nearly all these are made of quartz or quartzite, 

 though there are some i)ieces of worked flint among them. It is possi- 

 ble that in the lowlands, subject to overflow, the silt deposited by floods 

 has covered from sight many temporary camping jjlaces. At Boscobel, 

 4 miles above the old village, a ledge of rock crosses the river, forming a 

 natural dam, with long pools of deep water above and below, which 

 are noted fishing places; arrowheads and pottery fragments are abun- 

 dant in the vicinity- Near the dam a steatite pipe and some frag- 

 ments of pottery were found about 30 inches below the surface, one 

 piece of the i^ottery having the impression of a net or web on the inside; 

 no bones were with or near these specimens. 



The farm of Dr Blair Burwell, 2 miles north of Tobaccoville, has 

 been known for two centuries as "Indian camp," from a supposed abo- 

 riginal settlement. Various depressions were long pointed out as 

 I)laces where the Indians had dug holes in which to keep warm. Some 

 of these, judging from the description, may have been hutrings or sites 

 for lodges; but most of them seemed to be more like trenches, extend- 

 ing sometimes nearly or quite 100 yards and being from 20 to 40 feet in 

 width. They resembled gullies or shallow ravines, except that they 

 had no outlet in any direction, the ends terminating abruptly. All 

 these depressions have been obliterated by cultivation. A great num- 

 ber of arrowpoints and spearheads, with a few fragments of rough 

 l)ottery, have been found in the adjacent fields. It is not impossible 

 that this is the site of the Massinacak of Smith, although he leaves 

 the exact h)cality in doubt. 



AMELIA COUNTY. 



There is an extensive steatite quarry on the farm of John B. Wig- 

 gins, 3.^ miles east of Amelia court-house. It has been thoroughly 

 explored by Mr F. H. Gushing. 



Several mica mines have been opened within a mile of the court- 

 house. The miners report that in digging they sometimes discover 

 small i)iles of mica which have been detached from the rock and heaped 

 together. These pieces, usually of poor quality, as if rejected by the 

 workers, are doubtless from the aboriginal excavations, as they lie 



" Smith, John, History of Virginia, London, 1629, (reprint Richmond, 1819), vol. i, 

 p. 196. 



