288 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 28 



We find a similar notion among- the Zapotecs. Under the heading 

 criador, " creator ", the dictionary of Father Juan de Cordova gives 

 the following two different deities : 



Cozaana, Pitoo-Cozaana, 



"Creator, the maker of all beasts" (Criador, 6 hacedor de todas los ani- 

 males). 

 Huichaana, 



" Creator, the maker of men and of fishes " ( Criador asi de los hombres y 

 peces). 



Zaana means " to give birth *", " to beget "; and Xaana, chaana, are 

 probably mere phonetic variants of the same stem. Cozaana, how- 

 (;ver, is the nomen agentis, formed directly from this stem, and there- 

 fore means " one who gives birth '"' or " procreator ". Huichaana, 

 Huechaana imply a causative formed from this stem. Cozaana and 

 Huichaana and Huechaana are both used alike for" descent ", " race" 

 (linaje generalmente). Hence word analysis does not suffice to 

 determine what deities are meant by the above names, and we shall 

 have to look for other applications of these expressions, and these 

 other applications Avill make it possible to determine the deities 

 Avithout possibility of error. 



Cozaana is used concerning the snn. The proper Zapotec name for 

 the sun is copijcha. It has also a briefer name, pitoo, as in Mexican it 

 has the name Teotl, that is, " god ". But as the " great procreator of 

 all things" (el Sol con forme al engendrar las cosas que las engendra), 

 the dictionary calls it Cozaana-tao quizaha-lao. It seems, therefore, 

 as if we ought to accept this as the original meaning of Pitoo- 

 Cozaana; the sun as the male j^ortion of the creative deity; and if 

 this Pitoo-Cozaana was designated s])ecially as creator of l)easts, also 

 as " god of the chase " and as " god of beasts, to whom the hunter and 

 the fisher sacrificed in order to be helped "', it seems as if we must re- 

 call also the Mexican point of view, according to which the sun god 

 is also looked upon as the god of the chase and of war. This concep- 

 tion, hoAvever, is in a measure contradicted by the fact that in two 

 i^laces in the dictionary Cozaana is spoken of, according to the proper 

 meaning of the word, as " procreatrix " (engendradora, procrea- 

 dora) of beasts and of fishes. Since, noAv, the beasts of the woods and 

 fields, as we shall see below, are brought into especial connection 

 with the earth, it is still possible that Cozaana also has this meaning 

 and is to be considered as designating either the female portion of the 

 dual creator or, as the male portion, a god of the earth and lord of 

 beasts. 



Huechaana, Huichana, is translated also in the dictionary by 

 " water ", " element of water ", and Huichaana, Pitao-Huichaana, Co- 

 chana, Huichaana, by " god, or goddess, of little children, or of birth, 

 to whom those giving birth sacrificed " (dios o diosa de los niiios, 6 

 de la generacion, a quien las paridas sacrificavan). Hence it is clear 



