262 Dwicut, The Philadelphia Vireo. [ a 
and fire, giving place, especially in the vicinity of Tadousac, to a 
second growth in which the bush element predominates and where 
deciduous trees considerably outnumber the conifers. Poplars or 
aspens, white and yellow birches and maples are the commonest 
trees, the poplars and white birches occurring in small straggling 
groups or scattered broadcast throughout the woods and clearings. 
There is, too, a goodly sprinkling of evergreens of several sorts — 
pines, spruces and firs—which grow in squat little patches or 
quite alone in the woods or on the mountain sides. The northern 
character of the region is indicated by the abundance of such 
species (among many others) as the northern scrub pine (/2nus 
banksiani), the Labrador tea (Ledum Jatifolium), the crowberry 
(Lmpetrum nigrum), the bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), and 
scores of other shrubs and wild flowers. Immense quantities of 
blueberry and raspberry bushes thrive in the drier places, while 
the little swamps are masses of vegetation, but the most striking 
and most abundant of all the bushes is the alder. Alders, large 
and small, from flat spreading little mats to shady groves of trunks 
a dozen and more feet in height, are visible at every turn. Flour- 
ishing on the sandbanks, dotted on the mountain sides, rooted in 
cool glens or fringing the swampy margins of the lakes, they 
tangle up with the general undergrowth or form separate patches 
all by themselves. When the latter are of any extent they become 
broad canopies of shade beneath which is found an open space 
where the breezes and the birds freely circulate. 
The summer climate is delightful at Tadousac, its situation, a 
trifle north of Lat. 48°, and the great body of cold tide-water in 
its immediate vicinity contributing to keep the summers cool. 
From the foregoing remarks, I trust that some idea may be 
gained of the country where I have found the Philadelphia Vireo, 
—a country resembling in many respects, I fancy, that part of 
northwestern Maine where Mr. Brewster became acquainted with 
the species many years ago. 
HaBITS AND CHARACTERISTICS. 
My observations at Tadousac have never extended over more 
than six consecutive weeks in any one season, but my visits have 
