OF SOUTHERN INDIA. 351 
resembles that of Scisswrella (Anatomus); the body is cylindrical, the tentacles 
either thick and short, or thin and prolonged; foot small with short appendages, 
head produced, eyes on conspicuously thickened bulgings. 
The shells of the Lzor1zzp# are usually of small size, sub-orbicular, with short 
spire, transversally and spirally ribbed, often umbilicated, with the aperture circular, 
having more or less thickened and continuous margins ; internally with a very thin 
pearly layer, which is said to be occasionally wanting. The operculum is horny 
inside, calcareous externally, many whorled, in most of the recent species consisting 
of separate, shelly particles, which are arranged in numerous, spiral lines. 
The Lrormp# possess several characters by which they appear to connect the 
Umusonup# with the Tvrsryvip#, inasmuch as many of the species are equally 
related to both of these; the opercula have the shape of the former and, partially, 
the structure of the next family; the peculiarly thickened margins of the aperture 
and the thickness or want of a distinctly pearly internal layer of the shell, all seem 
to indicate an independent position of this family, intermediate between the two. 
The principal genera referred to it are according to A. Adams,—Wérchia, 
Adams; Adeorbis, Wood; Cyclostrema, Marryatt, with the sub-genera Daronia, 
Cynisca and Tubiola ;* Liotia, Gray, with the sub-genera J/aira, H. and A. Adams, 
and Arene, H. and A. Adams, the species of the latter being, however, in no way 
different from other Liotie. Minolia has been proposed (Ann. mag. nat. hist., 1860, 
IL., p. 886) by A. Adams for a Torinia-like shell, being, however, pearly within, 
with the aperture circular and the margins united. Haplocochlias, Carpenter, 1864 
(ibid. vol. XIII., p. 476), has a similar but internally non-pearly shell, the columella 
is thin and the outer lip varicose. 
It is rather doubtful whether all these genera and sub-genera can remain in 
this family. I have already remarked that Adeorbis has, on the authority of 
Deshayes, been placed in the Rissorp#, (see p. 273). The animal of Cyclostrema 
appears to be more allied to that of Scisswrella, than to any Trocurpz or allied 
families. Dérchia is also doubtfully placed here, because it seems more closely 
allied to the Rorzzrip%. The sub-genus Tubiola is the same as Montfort’s Lip- 
pistes, the type being Turbo niveus of Chemnitz; this species may be an Adeorbis, 
if the shell be not pearly. With regard to Zlaira, the type of which is Delph. 
evoluta, Reeve, it also remains to be ascertained whether the shell is pearly within 
or not. If it be not pearly it ought most probably to be referred to Discohelizx 
of the Sorar1mDzZ. 
The recent species are with few exceptions not common avail and this chiefly 
accounts for our imperfect knowledge of them; in most cases the animals and the 
opercula remain to be discovered. 
There is a large number of shells known which appear to represent this family 
in former geological periods. Several characteristic species of Ziotia occur even 
in the lowest secondary deposits. From cretaceous beds I may mention Delphinula 
Dupiniana, VOrb., Turbo dispar, @Orb., Straparolus Michaillensis, Pictet et Camp., 
* Sowerby’s Thesaurus, pl. 255 and 258. 
