OF SOUTHERN INDIA. 357 
e. Sub-family,—ASTRALIIN A. 
Shells helicoid, more or less depressed, usually with concave basis, ornamented 
with spiral ridges, which often are spinose or tuberculated on the periphery of the 
last whorl; aperture depressed, roundish ; operculum oval, consisting of a few rapidly 
enlarging whorls. 
As regards the form of the shell and that of the aperture the species belonging 
to the present sub-family form a transition to the Z’rocarps, to which they previously 
have been referred, though their opercula are always provided with a thick calca- 
reous coating and generally have a characteristic oval shape. 
The following genera have been distinguished :— 
1. Astralium, Link, 1807, (H. and A. Adams, Gen. I, p. 397) as restricted for 
the depressed and umbilicated species. 
2. Calcar, Montf., 1810 (Stella, Klein, in H. and A. Adams’ Gen. I, 
p. 898) ; this includes the species with a more convex basis and a solid columella. 
Klein (Ostrac., pp. 9-10) proposed for species, which apparently belong to the 
two last genera, the names Sol, Luna, Stella and in part also Cricostoma. It is 
difficult to give priority to any of these names, because the figures are not 
characteristic. : 
To Calear probably also belongs Turboidea, Seeley, which was proposed for a 
fossil species, 7. nodosa, from the Cambridge Greensand. It only differs from the 
former by a narrow umbilicus, which is, however, equally well developed in young 
specimens of Calear (see Ann. mag. nat. hist., 1861, VIT, p. 288, pl. 11, fig. 14). 
3. Guilfordia, Gray, 1850 (ibid. p. 399) differs from Calcar by having the 
whorls more depressed and the last one ornamented with a number of long periphe- 
rical spines. 
4. Wvanilla, Gray, 1850 (ibid. p. 400). The shells of this genus are distin- 
guished by a pyramidal form and solid columella, being truncated anteriorly. 
5. Pachypoma, Gray, 1850 (¢bid. p. 400). 
6. Lithopoma, Gray, 1850, (ibid. p. 401). 
7 (5a?) Pomaulax, Gray, 1850 (bid. p. 402). 
8 (6a?) Cookia, Lesson, 1832 (ibid. 402). 
9 (2a?) Bolma, Risso, 1826 (bid. 403). 
Gray in his Guide of 1857 accepts the five last named genera exactly in the 
same way as do H. and A. Adams, but Chenu recognizes only the first one, Pachy- 
poma, as a genus and the other four as sub-genera. I have no materials of recent 
species to compare, but it seems to me that the old Trochus wndosus, Wood, which 
is the only species of Pomaulax, is in reality not generically distinct from Pachy- 
poma, and likewise the Cookia sulcata, Martyn, sp., not distinct from Lithopoma ; 
nor do I see any special reason for distinguishing Bolma from Calear; and thus we 
would have only six genera as constituting the sub-family, Astralinwm., Calcar. 
Guilfordia, Cookia or Lithopoma, Uvanilla, Pachypoma. 
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