358 CRETACEOUS GASTROPODA 
The asrraLizv® appear to have a large number of representative species in the 
fossil state, and several very interesting forms can be traced in the oldest sedimentary 
formations, though they have not as yet been discriminated from Trochus and Turbo. 
My attention was first attracted to the existence of asrrazmn In cretaceous forma- 
tions by the occurrence of a large number of oval, calcareous opercula, which I had 
collected in the Gosau-deposits at different localities in the Alps. D’Orbigny, Reuss 
and others have figured such opercula. After having compared several of the 
species, formerly described by Zekeli under the name of Delphinula, occurring in 
the same beds as those oval opercula, with recent species of Astraliwm and others, 
T have been able to ascertain their generic identity. Thus in my revision of the 
Gosau-Gastropoda (Sitz. Akad., Wien, 1865, LII, p. 539, etc.) I have quoted 
Astralium muricatum, granulatum, radiatum, grande, and Guilfordia spinosa. 1 
might indicate a good number of other cretaceous species, but not having seen the 
originals I cannot vouch for the accuracy of their determination ; Turbo Martinianus, 
D’Orb., of which 7. Pictetianus probably is only a young specimen, 7. Mailleanus, 
DOrb., 2. Renauxianus, D’Orb., Turbo Crivelli, Pictet and Camp. and others appear 
to belong to Calear; tomatia ornatissima, Coquand (Htage Apt. de l Espagne, 1865, 
pl. 5, fig. 4), Trochus Goldfussi, Binkhorst (Monog. Gast. et Ceph. craie de Limbg., 
1861, p. 51, pl. 3, fig. 18), and others to Astralium, ete. 
T shall describe from the South Indian cretaceous deposits four species in this 
sub-family, Astralinm carnaticum, Stol., Calcar jugosus, Stol., Uvanilla Rajah, 
Forbes, sp., and Lithopoma (Cookia?) imtersecta, Stol.; none of the species are as 
perfectly preserved as would be desirable, but still as to the generic determination 
of the two first named there can be little doubt, while the two others are more 
uncertain. 
LXXXII. ASTRALIUM, Zink, 1807. 
1. AsTratium Carnaticum, Stoliczka, Pl. XXV, Fig. 2. 
Ast. testa crassa, suborbiculari, spira paulo elevata, apice submammillalo ; 
anfractibus supra planiusculis, spiraliter multiliratis, ad suturam subtuberculatis, liris 
subrugosis notatis ; ultimo ad peripheriam obtuse angulato, ad basin convexo atque 
lirato ; umbilico aperto ; apertura fere quadrangulari, 
Spiral angle about 135°. 
Approximate height of the shell : diameter of the basis (consd. as 1:00) ... 0°62. 
Shell large, thick, suborbicular, with a short spire; whorls above flattened and 
ornamented with about 6-8 slightly undulating or rugose ridges, and near the 
anterior suture with a number of obtuse tubercles. The last whorl is angular 
at the periphery, and then gradually curving in the convex basis. On the angle, 
which separates the upper flat from the peripherical obtuse portion of the 
whorl, there are a number of rounded tuberculations present, but they generally 
hecome less distinct when they approach the aperture. The entire surface is 
