OF SOUTHERN INDIA. 435 
T may quote the Haminea virescens, which has a distinct plate on the inner lip, 
and Mr. G. Nevill, who observed the animal of this species on the coral reefs on the 
south coast of Ceylon, tells me that it only differs from that of Smarag. viridis in 
having the shell completely hidden by the meeting of the lateral expansions of the 
mantle which are folded over. 
12. Scaphander, Montfort, 1810 (idid. p. 19). Judging from the form of the 
shell and the character of the teeth of the animal this genus must be placed in the 
Puitiwriws# as first pointed out by Gray. 
There are numerous fossil species of Paizzvzrp£ known from tertiary deposits, 
belonging to Scaphander, Bullea, Philine, and apparently also to Smaragdinella and 
Phanerophthalmus or Cryptophthalmus, but excepting the Californian Bullea 
Gabbiana, just mentioned, I am only acquainted with another cretaceous species 
noticed by Giimbel in ‘ Bayerische Alpen.’, ete., 1861, p. 574, under the name of 
Bulla subalpma, of which that author says that in general form it resembles Bulla 
lignaria, and therefore this cretaceous species may be shown to belong to Scaphander, 
though it is impossible to form a reliable opinion from the short description which 
is given, 
Order. PROSOPOCEPHALA.* 
(ProsopocePHALA, Bronn; HeETEROGLOssA, Gray; CrRrroBRANGHIATA, Blainville; SozEeNo- 
concHa, Lacaze-Duthiers). 
Shell tubular, symmetrical, open on both ends; animal with indistinct head 
and rudimentary respiratory organs ; sexes separate, but the males have no copulative 
organ. 
There are few other orders of Molluscs which offer greater contrasts in the 
different points of organisation than do the ProsopocepHaLa or the so called 
Dentalia. After it had been ascertained by the first careful anatomical examina- 
tions of Deshayes that they are true Molluscs, they have been generally placed 
in the neighbourhood of the ParzrripH% and the Fissvrrezzmpmx. Later researches, 
especially those of Lacaze-Duthiers and of Sars, however, have shown that, com- 
pared with many other orders of Gastropoda, the ProsopocePHALA appear to be of 
much lower organization. Up to the present only the animals of the Dzwrazipx 
have been examined, and their organisation seems to me to agree in the most 
important characters with the Gastropoda, as I shall presently show. 
The body of the Dzyrarrzps is tubular, like the shell, symmetrical, being 
enveloped in a mantle, which is open in front and behind. There is a strong 
muscle present near the anterior opening, and a ring-muscle near the posterior 
one, at which place only the animal is attached to the shell; while the body itself 
is for the greater length of the dorsal line attached to the mantle. The head 
* This name is very characteristic; the name SOLENOCONCH2 was proposed by Lacaze-Duthiers, and 
refers to the many similarities which these shells have to the Acephala. The name HETEROGLOSSA is not 
characteristic, and CIRROBRANCHIATA is not correctly applied, as has been shown by the anatomy of the 
animals. 
