286 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PASSENGER STEAMERS. 



merged and grouped variously. Different names are given to the same space in different 

 lines. The list typifies, however, the extensiveness of the public spaces on a large liner. 



In the larger steamers the old-time narrow passage is giving place to the gallery be- 

 tween public rooms. This feature enlarges the scope of the living quarters, provides library, 

 reading and writing facilities, besides giving ample communication under cover for use dur- 

 ing the evening or during bad weather. 



This feature is noticeable in recent Cunarders and has also been developed in Italian 

 liners. Its appeal to Italian designers is easily understood, Rome furnishing us with many 

 such galleries in her magnificent palaces, the galleries of the Vatican being a case in point. 



Some of the gallery effect is to be noted in the design of the public spaces on the Amer- 

 ican Legion class. 



PROMENADES. 



Many ships sacrifice this feature to piling in the maximum possible number of state 

 rooms, obviously to increase revenue. It is true that short-run ships do not need so much 

 promenade space and deck room to exercise and play games that vessels going on long 

 voyages require. Vessels on one-night runs do not need the open-air spaces that day-rtm 

 ships need. High-speed ships require more sheltering arrangements, such as deflecting wind 

 shields and sides enclosed with windows which can be either open or shut. The liner, to 

 be popular, must have good open decks for lounge chairs, walking and games, with decks 

 adapted for outdoor sleeping on tropical runs. 



OUTSIDE ROOMS. 



In smaller ships all rooms can and should be outside rooms, i. e., with ports or win- 

 dows opening direct to the outside air. As ships get bigger our difficulties increase; the 

 "Bibby" room is the popular solution, the inside room having a narrow passage leading past 

 the outside room to a port. 



For vessels navigating sheltered waters the transverse berth greatly helps the designer 

 of good passenger accommodations, but for seagoing ships, the fore and aft berth, with only 

 occasional exceptions, is the rule. 



Lately the "Bibby" idea has been extended to banks of three rooms on a side, both the 

 inner and middle rooms having these narrow passages for air extending directly to the side ; 

 for hot weather ships this is excellent. 



As we get to the largest ships this feature is not so important. These ships are generally 

 fast and, being almost entirely on North Atlantic runs, the heat is not excessive. With 

 eight and more rooms abreast it becomes a problem of better and still better ventilation by 

 means of fans taking air from above. On this route we have fog and ice to contend with and 

 consequently closed ports at night on all decks below the bulkhead line. 



More and more deck houses are resorted to, with consequently narrower houses, fewer 

 rooms abreast and more chance for windows directly opening out on deck. 



The old plan of individual outside doors has given place to inside passages and doors, 

 with outside windows, a cooler arrangement anyhow, avoiding the backing up of rooms 

 against heated casings and enabling all available space along the center line to be utilized 

 for toilets and baths, the best scheme for drainage and water supply, also for exhausting 

 foul air directly from these spaces. 



