— a 
CARGO TRANSFERENCE AT STEAMSHIP TERMINALS. 155 
traffic, modern mechanical appliances for freight transference, and a coordi- 
nation between the rail and water terminal with due regard to the land and 
water approaches. . Consideration should be given to future development 
and extensions. 
There should be a width in the slips between jutting piers at least four 
times the width of the largest steamships there to be regularly berthed, and 
when possible, the width of the pier should be one fifth to one fourth the 
length. 
The best practice, in the construction of the piers, and in the design of 
the sheds and warehouses is of the greatest interest, but in the thirty minutes 
allotted to this paper cannot be described, except in so far as they affect the 
transference of freight by modern machinery. 
The suggestions are made from the standpoint of long-distance mechan- 
ical freight handling, and the practice differs from the usual methods where 
manual labor has been dominant. 
Where provision for freight and not passengers is of the chief importance, 
the sheds, being for transshipment only and temporary storage, should pref- 
erably be of one story, 35 or more feet in height beneath the girders and with 
galleries for passengers. 
Where there is baggage to be examined a location can be provided in the 
bulkhead sheds which may be of twostories. Most of the sheds abroad, even 
where hand or surface trucking is the custom, are of one story. 
The chief reason for two-story sheds, except for passengers, is to obtain 
greater capacity. One story 35 feet in height will give a greater capacity 
than two stories each of 18 feet when the former is equipped with correctly 
designed hoisting and conveying machinery, thereby rendering high tiering 
feasible and using vertical rather than horizontal space, that is, not spread- 
ing the separate consignments over so much floor space. ; 
Tiering by machinery costs no more than to place the goods upon the 
floor, and one story obviates the necessity of additional hoisting or lowering 
mechanism between the floors such as elevators or ramps. There would be 
one installation of hoisting and conveying machinery instead of two, as well 
as an equal or greater storage capacity. The pier superintendent can exer- 
cise better supervision over one story than over two, the result being less loss 
and breakage. 
Where there are two stories of the usual height, and of a width of 150 
feet, the lower story is often not well lighted, damp and not properly 
ventilated. 
The walls of the freight sheds can be advantageously placed either 5 or 
else about 20 feet from the edge of the pier. This is contrary to the pre- 
