CARGO TRANSFERENCE AT STEAMSHIP TERMINALS. 159 
Of import freight, part is swung over the ship’s side by winches 
either upon off-shore lighters and often burtoned to the fall of the lighterage 
winch. Part is swung upon the pier side either directly or by burtoning, 
and then assorted, and distributed by surface trucks to different places 
marked on the pier floor and tiered by hand, or else to the lighters. 
The movements of coastwise freight is about the same except that part 
is trucked to or through the side ports. The side port is evolved from the 
use of hand trucks. 
The maximum number of drafts by the ship’s winch through the hatch 
per hour is 40. Coal consumption per day per winch is one-half ton costing 
$1.75. Hoisting capacity per winch three tons. Average number of drafts 
per winch per hour, 323. The dock winches average about the same in 
capacity and operation. The so-called ‘cargo hoists,’ above the edge of 
the roof are chiefly used in connection with dock winches. 
Most lighters are equipped with a mast and a hoisting boom, the barges 
seldom. A few have steam-power winches. On account of there being 
so much waiting and delay of the lighters at the different terminals, the ex- 
pense, for the licensed engineers and the attendant costs, would be far more 
than the time saving due to the quicker freight handling. 
If the steam-power winch lighter could be kept continuously in service 
it would be economical to replace men by steam. 
Man-power winches are slow and costly to operate, there being employed 
two or four men to operate each winch. 
Electric winches, with electric connections with the piers, would fulfill 
the requirements as to economy of operation and rapidity of movements, 
and without the excessive delay expense. These winches by clutches could 
be operated by man-power whenever necessary. 
Most of the terminals are now furnished with electricity, and plug con- 
nections could be located at suitable intervals along the side of the piers so 
that the electric current could be readily available. Storage batteries are 
used upon lighters in Germany. 
The winchmen and others handling freight upon the steamship piers, 
when employed by the hour, receive 30 cents per hour up to 6 P.M., 45 cents 
per hour after 6 P.M., and 50 cents per hour on Sundays. 
The number of men at each point of loading, that is at hatches and in 
the holds, are 14 men at each, where there are three loading points or 42 men 
in all; if there be five loading points 12 men at each or a total of 60 men. It 
is essential to know all the freight movements to comprehend any mechanical 
adaptation so as to secure good results. 
Foreign Methods.—At foreign ports, the various types of gantry cranes 
