CARGO TRANSFERENCE AT STEAMSHIP TERMINALS. 161 
Loading 2,000 Tons in 17 Hours—Continued. 
Average weight of each load, pounds............... 184. 
Average trips pet truck per hour................... 12 
Cost per ton handled, labor only including tiering, cents 36.6 
Prise OF CEIMO OUR. COMES aera 8 yes cya c ah eae aps cs she Howe 
Discharging 2,000 Tons in 17 Hours. 
INtgniber o£ meniemiployed:: qos wit.mete tries ws tess el. 170 
Off-shore lighterageitommage nie hii ieee tas en 200 
isbterars toniage Across! Plersu: acc lamr. os. Ocenia 1,300 
ID Fahy Thgespen alien XOvab ae: Ney=ye eer gee, cei nes eee eer Ee Pecan 500 
Avcracetiuck load; potitnds).ispyiie a chnee’ tee wb 600 
Average trucking distance and return, feet.......... 600 
Hpecctomenickiney per minute teeta 44-9 aaleistob ale 120 
seine: MEG LOUNGE Lip, AMITIUTES jes). csi Sere he Ae 12 
Cost per ton handled including tiering, cents........ 39.15 
Costioipicincaloneycemts eine: Gast Reis Ae es 7.44 
It will be noticed that the great expense is not the transferring the freight 
between the vessel and the shore, but in the subsequent movements such 
as rehandling, assorting, distributing and especially tiering. 
Principles of Freight Transference—From the above there can be deter- 
mined what conditions must be fulfilled by any machinery to satisfy the 
requirements of freight handling. These may be condensed into serving all 
the space by machinery, with no rehandling and with continuous rapidity. 
These three principles are essential in securing rapidity and economy. 
Earlier Methods.—In the United States, import and export freight is 
_ transferred by winches through the overall hatches upon the pier and then 
distributed by means of men’s shoulders or handtrucks. In coastwise ser- 
vice, in addition the men and handtrucks pass through the side ports. 
At European ports the work at the hatches is done partly by the 
winch but mostly by fixed or traveling cranes of the gantry type, and then 
the freight is handtrucked into the sheds. Sometimes low trucks, with two, 
three or four wheels are drawn by horses, and trucks with steam derricks 
are in use, but for rapid transference these latter occupy most valuable 
floor space and cause congestion. 
After the freight has been placed upon and near the side of the pier, 
there is no provision for rapid and economical distribution. The handtruck, 
though expensive, provides for assorting and distribution and requires far 
