LIST OF TI. LUSTRATIONS 



Figure No. TITLE Page 



Frontispiece. Map of San Francisco Bay and triliutaries, showing locations of principal 

 points mentioned in the report. 



1. Dock failures in Carquinez Strait 2 



2. Destruction of Douglas fir by Teredo navalis 3 



3. Test station A at Oakland Mole 10 



4. San Francisco in 1847 14 



5. Verba Buena Cove in 1849 15 



6. San Francisco Bay about 1853; Goat Island in background 16 



7. An early wharf; Telegraph Hill in background. ,\l)out 1860 17 



8. Shipping in San Francisco Harbor about 1870, showing early ferries 19 



9. Oakland long wharf in 1873 20 



10. Driving cylindrical cofferdam forms, pier 36, August, 1909 24 



1 1. Cross section of seawall 25 



12. Ihitreated ferry slip fender piles in Carquinez Strait, destroyed by Teredo, 1019 26 



13. Untreated Douglas fir piling in Oakland Estuary, destroyed by Limnoria 27 



14. Untreated ferry slip fender piles in Carquinez Strait, destroyed by Teredo, 1919 28 



15. China Basin terminal during construction 31 



16. Carquinez Bridge during construction 32 



17. Sacramento River discharge and rainfall in Sacramento River drainage basin 37 



18. Normal discharge of Sacramento River and of Sacramento and .San Joaquin Rivers com- 



bined 39 



19. Salinity of water at points in Carquinez Strait, 1920 42 



20. Sections of fender pile destroyed by Teredo, Shell Oil Company dock, Martinez 52 



21. Map of San Francisco waterfront showing original and present shore lines 54 



22. Baiikia and Limnoria attack on creosoted Douglas fir pile from Pier 7, San Francisco. ... 58 



23. Handling 100-foot concrete piles during pier construction 72 



24. Improper handling of creosoted piling 74 



25. Creosoted pile attacked by Teredo as a result ot careless handling 75 



26. Limnoria attack on creosoted pile cut off too close above the water line 77 



27. Section of creosoted girt, in which untreated wood was exposed in framing, allowing Teredo 



attack 78 



28. Limnoria attack in bolt hole, in creosoted fender pile, and in a spot exposed by chopping. . 79 



29. Disintegration in concrete composite pile, probably a result of poor workmanship 83 



30. Green test pile destroyed by borers at Alameda in 3 years 86 



31. Untreated Douglas fir pile from Oakland Municipal Quay, destroyed at mud line by Bankia, 



surface eroded by Limnoria 87 



32. Dolphin pile from Richmond Municipal Pier, showing large tubes of Bankia and smaller 



ones of Teredo 88 



ii. Redwood pile from Fort Mason, attacked by Limnoria 90 



34. Section of Cottonwood pile exposed less than six months in San Francisco Bay 90 



35. Green Douglas fir pile in which Teredo navalis penetrated four inches in four months 93 



36. Pile attacked by borers where bark protection was damaged 95 



37. Piling protection being applied by Paraffine Paint method 100 



38. Bulging battens on piling protected by Moran and Paraffine processes in Georgia Street 



Wharf, Vallejo 101 



39. Battens removed from some of the piles in the wharf shown in Figure 38 102 



40. Driving creosoted piling 105 



41. .Attack on pile by Limnoria and Bankia, made possible by thin creosote penetration 112 



42. Cross section of pile, showing thin treatment through which Bankia penetrated to interior 



of pile 113 



43. Curves showing penetration of creosote in round piling 115 



44. Curves showing penetration of creosote in various sizes of sawed lumber 117 



