upper & lower 
boundary processes 
internal 
vertical mixing 
oe 
° 
@Q 
~ 
o 
o% 
on 
De 
o 
high-latitude 
mesoscale eddies 
transports 
processes 
TABLE 2. 
surface oceanic 
mixing 
surface ageostro- 
phic transport 
bottom boundary 
layer 
vertical shearing 
instability 
double-diffusive 
effects 
small-scale 
vertical mixing 
barotropic 
instability 
baroclinic 
instabiltiy 
vertical form 
drag by eddies 
large-scale 
advection 
mixing along 
isopycnals 
interaction with 
topography 
density relation 
gravitational 
instabiltiy 
sea-ice dynamics 
ice thermo- 
dynamics 
higher-order 
closure 
vertically 
resolved 
vertically 
resolved 
vertically 
resolved 
vertically 
resolved 
vertically 
resolved 
horizontally 
resolved 
with ox = 20 km 
done by time-mean 
currents 
isentropic 
coordinates 
sigma coordinates 
Knudsen formula 
plume models 
viscous /elastic/ 
plastic 
storage of 
sensible and 
latent heat 
constant-thickness 
mixed layer 
Ekman transport 
in upper level 
free-slip 
poorly resolved 
by 500 km, 5 level 
grid 
z coordinates 
flat bottom 
linear /quadratic 
formula 
convective 
adjustment 
no motion 
no heat storage 
34 
Ocean physical phenomena and methods of modeling them. 
Physical Process Model Usual Climatic Improved Climatic 
Phenomenon Approach Model Approach Approach 
prognostic-thickness 
bulk mixed layer 
(Heald & Kim, 1979) 
Ekman transport in 
bulk mixed layer 
quadratic drag law 
(Weatherly, 1972) 
Ku,m = fn(Ri,N) 
(Pacanowski & Philan- 
der, 1981; Sarmiento 
et al., 1976) 
0(10?m?s-!) 
Ay = 0(103m?s-!) 
= f,(VT, vu) 
moderately resolved 
by 100 km, 10 level 
grid 
diffusion along 
isopycnals (Redi, 1982) 
variable number of 
levels (Bryan, 1969) 
higher order polynomial 
(Bryan & Cox, 1972) 
modified convective 
adjustment 
empirical ice motion 
(Thorndike & Colony, 
1982) 
storage of sensible 
and latent heat 
(Semtner, 1976) 
