Satellite data: 
1) Monitoring of quantities required to infer air-sea fluxes, specifically radiation budget, sea 
state (for surface winds) and sea ice. 
2) Repeated altimetry of the North Atlantic to help monitor the large scale circulation and to 
detect and monitor the surface water depression associated with deep water formation events. 
3) Development and use of greater capabilities for high precision measurements from moored and 
free-floating buoys with satellite data relay. 
Modeling: 
1) High resolution modeling of the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean. 
2) Fully coupled ocean/sea ice/atmosphere modeling, which allows analysis of the factors 
influencing deep water formation. 
3) Testing of models against paleoclimate data, as well as against today's climate. 
