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It is important that modeling be included which realistically portrays air-sea interaction 
events, such as atmospheric low pressure formation as a result of convective instability, with 
attendent cyclogenesis in both the atmosphere and ocean. This may require the use of small 
scale models to explore the detailed characteristics of such events and the relations to deep 
water formation. 
The interaction of atmospheric climate with the ocean (and sea ice) is an ultimate objective 
of coupled ocean/climate modeling. Although it is essential that the individual model capabilities 
be improved and tested against today's climate including seasonal and other variations, these 
models must also be tested under quite different situations, such as provided by paleoclimate 
data. In this regard, simulation of the 18K ocean/climate system and rapid transitions such as 
the Allerod-Younger Dryas may be the most useful of the periods which have the potential for 
detailed paleoclimate reconstructions. 
Finally, we note that the modeling activity for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment 
(WOCE) includes substantial modeling of the North Atlantic. Our recommendations for modeling 
are consistent with the WOCE program, but we recommend a strongly focused effort to model the 
North Atlantic with as much realism as practical for this smaller region. In addition, we recom- 
mend that the modeling studies be extended into the Arctic rather than terminating at 65-70°N, to 
allow adequate study of the deep water formation processes. 
In summary, the principal modeling needs are: 
1) High resolution modeling of the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean. 
2) Fully coupled ocean/sea ice/atmosphere modeling, which allows analysis of the factors 
influencing deep water formation. 
3) Testing of models against paleoclimate data, as well as against today's climate. 
