JHANCON] EXCAVATIONS IN THE CHAMA VALLEY 13 
place did we find a real double wall. This was in the north wall of 
room 13, location 6. (PI. 7.) 
Both sides of the inside wall were smoked and had been plastered. 
The inside of the outer wall was also smoked. A part of a charred 
cedar beam was found at the foot of the inside wall (northwest cor- 
ner) and might possibly indicate that the beams being too short for 
the outside wall, another wall was built closer in. This is the ex- 
planation given by the Indians. They cited cases of a similar na- 
ture as having occurred at Santa Clara. Hundreds of measurements 
of the walls made in all the different locations showed that there is 
no great variation in the thickness of them. Not a single case was 
found where the walls were thicker than 35 cm. and an average of 
30 cm. will hold good in all of the rooms we excavated. 
OPENINGS IN THE WALLS 
With the exception of small round openings varying from 16 to 26 
cm. in diameter, we found no openings of any kind leading out into 
the plaza in the lower stories. 
The round openings in the walls occurred in the interior walls as 
well as the exterior ones and were probably vents or air holes. 
These were often filled with plugs, one of which is seen in Plate 
7, resting on the floor below the hole from which it was taken. 
There are two of these plugs in the collection. They are made of 
adobe, and after being inserted into the hole in the wall they were 
plastered around, and in some cases completely over, with the same 
material, thus filling the entire opening. In one case we found a 
plug made of a mixture of wood ash and adobe and plastered with 
the same kind of a mixture. These were the only cases of mixtures 
encountered, excepting the floors. 
There does not seem to have been any set rule as to the number 
of vents that should be in a room, and as far as we could ascertain 
no attempts were made to obtain regular drafts or cross currents of 
air. Usually the vents occurred near the doorways or close to the 
corners of the rooms. 
At first we thought that the unstopped vents might have been used 
for cupboards or repositories of small articles, but not a thing was 
found in any of them. Niches or storage places in the walls, such 
as are found in other ruins, did not occur at this one. In room 5, 
location 2, were two vents plugged with large river bowlders. (PI. 5.) 
DOORWAYS 
Doorways occurred in the inner walls leading from room to room, 
but not in the outer walls. It must be remembered that only the 
lower walls are now standing and that the upper stories probably 
had doorways leading out onto the terraces that were formed by the 
