18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 81 
edge of a newly chipped ax would answer very well for the purpose 
of felling trees and trimming the ends afterwards. The two-headed 
ax (pl. 11, @) is typical of the Jemez Plateau and is called by the 
Tewa a “‘tzii-wi’’ (two flake or two point). It was supposed to have 
been used only in war. The hematite two-headed ax is very unusual 
and somewhat resembles the eastern ‘‘ banner stone,’’ excepting that 
it has no hole drilled in it for fitting the shaft through. Hematite is 
seldom used in the Jemez Plateau; quartz and agates are more often 
used for making the war ax. 
The polished ax heads must have consumed a large amount of labor 
in the making of them. The materials from which they are made 
are extremely hard and difficult to work. Some of these have two 
grooves for fastening the haft and others have only one. (Pl. 12.) 
MAULS AND HOES 
The four maul heads are interesting from the diversity of material 
used. Two (pl. 11, A, A) are of a very hard granitoid, with forms 
resembling those of the mound bowlders. One (pl. 11, B) is made of 
lava and the other (pl. 11, C) is a small river bowlder. 
There are several specimens that may well have been used for hoes 
or grubbing tools. (Pl. 13.) As there are no marks of rubbing of the 
handles on the sides of these, it may be possible that they were 
bound onto the handle at the notches, and if this was really the case 
they could easily have been used as hoes or grubbing tools. The 
specimens marked Plate 13, B, resemble picks and would be very 
effective for breaking up the ground. The material for all the arti- 
facts in this section was found in the surrounding country, river 
beds, and hills. 
CUTTING EDGES 
The cruder types of cutting edges in the collection are of such a 
character that it is very important to study them. Many of them at 
first present the appearance of simply being rejects. However, upon 
closer examination most of them show, in a greater or less degree, 
signs of having been used. As a finished flaked knife must have 
involved a large amount of labor in the making, it is reasonable to 
suppose that where a large flake was found or purposely broken off 
which had a good, sharp cutting edge it was used without any more 
preparation. It would be interesting to know just how much exact 
knowledge of the cleavage of the various materials the prehistoric 
people had. 
While it may be supposed that many of the crude flakes have been 
used, yet some of them show no marks of use, and therefore it is 
problematic as to whether they were actually made use of or only 
retained as rejects or additional raw material. . 
