JHANCON] EXCAVATIONS IN THE CHAMA VALLEY 95 
facts. Large quantities of unworked bone were found in the rooms, 
and the manner in which they were left seemed to indicate that 
they were, in part at least, being saved for future use. Turkeys, 
wild ducks, herons, and other fowls and birds furnished the material 
for the finer and smaller tools, while deer, elk, bear, coyote, beaver, 
and other large animals yielded bones for implements of greater 
strength. 
In room 23, location 10, were found four large scrapers, several 
bone awls, some buckhorn, and a few unworked bones. This was 
the largest yield of bone artifacts from any one room. 
FLAKERS 
These tools were used to make arrowheads and small flaked arti- 
cles. The author has made many arrowheads with bones shaped as 
these are. The one marked A, Plate 24, is held in the left hand with 
the flake against the bone; the smaller piece (Pl. 24, B) is held in the 
right hand and pressure is brought to bear against the flake along 
the line of cleavage. This causes a chip to break off from the main 
flake. By practice, almost any kind of a flake or one of any size de- 
sired can be flaked off. Often in finishing the work the finer chip- 
ping is done by laying the unfinished artifact on a piece of buckskin 
which rests in some hard material, and the chipping is done by pres- 
sure applied from above. 
The longer of the two specimens marked A, Plate 24, is 28 cm. 
long, slightly distorted and curved, with an average width of 12 mm., 
narrowing slightly at the ends, which are rubbed to blunt points. 
The other one, marked A, is 27 cm. long and not so badly distorted; 
it is of an average width of 12 mm., with one end rubbed to a round 
point, rather blunt; the other end is rubbed to a slightly broad and 
fine point. 
The smaller pieces are from 69 to 98 mm. in length and vary as 
much in diameter asin length. All of these artifacts are made of 
buckhorn. 
ScRAPERS FOR TANNING HipEs 
There are three well-defined types of tanning scrapers in the col- 
lection. The first type is represented by A, B, C, Plate 25. They 
are the bones of some large animal with concave surfaces running 
lengthwise on one side. Starting with A and finishing with (, the 
group shows the manner of manufacturing a tool of this type. Those 
lettered D on the same plate belong to the second type and are of a 
sort of draw-shave form. They are made from the pelvic bones of 
some large animal. Usually the socket of the joint is a little to one 
side of the center of the posterior surface. The anterior always con- 
tains the curved, rubbed blade. 
