JEANCON] EXCAVATIONS IN THE CHAMA VALLEY ay 
it is possible that the larger ones were intended for the making of a 
breastplate such as is worn by some of the northern tribes. How far 
back the tubular bone breastplate extends the author does not know, 
but the finding, in this ruin, of one made of rib bones suggests that 
they might have also used the tubes in a like manner. 
TURKEY CALLS 
These bones were used to call the wild turkeys. (Pl. 29,A,B.) By 
covering the hole in the side a different pitch can be obtained. The 
manner in which they were used is as follows: The opening at the 
top of the bone is placed tightly against the lower lip, a little below 
the opening of the mouth; then drawing the upper lip down with a 
slight puckering of the whole mouth, and sucking in with a short, 
chirping breath, the tone produced will resemble that of a mother 
turkey calling its young. By careful practice in covering and un- 
covering, more or less, the hole in the side, and a slight difference in 
the forming of the lips, it is an easy matter to imitate all of the 
calls of the wild turkey. These turkey calls are still in use in some of 
the pueblos and are especially used by the older men, who imitate 
the different calls in a remarkable manner. The one marked B, 
Plate 29, is only partly made. 
Bont FLUTES 
Po-shu yielded a most interesting collection of bone flutes. What 
scale the flute would produce the author does not know. Many at- 
tempts have been made to have some one produce all of the tones, 
but so far they have not been successful. One of the Indian labor- 
ers managed to produce a few tones, but not enough to give any idea 
of the scale of the instrument. His manner of playing a cornstalk 
flute, which I heard and saw him use, was to place the flute perpen- 
dicularly pressed to the lips and blow across the opening in the top 
of the stalk, fingering the holes without any attempt ata definite 
melody. He attempted to play one of the bone flutes in a similar 
manner and only succeeded in getting a few disconnected intervals. 
It does not seem likely that there ever was a plug or stopper in the 
interior of the flutes found, such as occurs in the modern tin fife. 
In some of the modern Indian flutes a stopper is used on the outside, 
but even this is missing on the bone flutes, and the use of the out- 
side plug or stopper was probably learned from the white man. No 
melodies could be produced on the bone flutes, as no scientific prin- 
ciple was used in their construction. Doubtless the Indian who 
made them simply desired to produce tones that would be pleasing 
to him. 
The following are the dimensions of the flute shown in Plate 29: 
C, leg bone of a large bird, possibly a heron, 18 mm. long. It must 
