28 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 81 
have been longer originally, as one end is broken off. It has three 
holes together and one higher up. The first hole is 50 mm. from the 
bottom of the bone, the second 25 mm. from the first, and the third is 
35 mm. above the second. From the third hole to the top is a dis- 
tance of 63 mm. JD has three holes set closely together. The fourth 
hole is 50 mm. above the third. Total length, 155 mm.; diameter, 
80 mm. F has four holes almost equidistant. Total length, 158 
mm.; average diameter, 128mm. /'issomewhat similar to D. To- 
tal length, 145 mm.; average diameter, 10mm. (@ has five equidis- 
tant holes. Total length, 137 mm.; average diameter,9mm. H has 
three equidistant holes at one end and a single hole almost at the 
other end. Total length, 170 mm.; average diameter, 12 mm. 
BonE AWLS 
The bone awl referred to here is the short, stubby one. All of 
these are made of heavy bones, one joint being left intact to aid in 
grasping the awl. There is no question that this type was used for 
the purpose of sewing heavy materials, such as hides, moccasins, etc. 
The thick, stocky form of this type of awl would support the strong 
pressure necessary to penetrate heavy materials, and at the same 
time would have bulk enough to permit of afirm grasp. They vary in 
length from 50 to 101 mm. (PI. 24, @.) 
BonE NEEDLES AND PINS 
The split-bone type of needle was for lighter sewing. (PI. 30, A.) 
They have not the strength requisite to resist heavy pressure and 
were used on lighter materials, such as skins, and possibly cotton 
cloth, although no cotton fabrics were found in this ruin. They 
vary in length from 74 to 145 mm. in length. 
Not all of the solid-bone type can be called needles. There is every 
reason to suppose that some of them were used as pins. 
In some of the Hopi villages where the primitive manta or home- 
spun dress is still worn, one sees, occasionally, the manta held together 
with long pins such as are in the collection. These are shown on 
Plate 30. B measures 219 mm. in length. C measures 177 mm. in 
length. D measures 167 mm. in length. They are all of a slim and 
graceful form with long slender points. The shorter ones may have 
filled the twofold purpose of pins as well as needles. on the same 
plate is unusual on account of the groove cut around it near the blunt 
end. It is possible that a thread of yucca or cotton was tied in this 
groove, thus taking the place of the eye in the modern needle. The 
_ balance, marked F, present a variety of form and size, but nothing 
unusual in their general appearance. 
