JEANCON] EXCAVATIONS IN THE CHAMA VALLEY pes Nepal 
making of woven belts. One man, who is a belt weaver, said that 
he used similar pieces, but his were made of wood instead of bone. 
According to his explanation D was used for the purpose of pressing 
the weft into place and F to separate the strands of the warp. Both 
of these bones show wear, although the scratches on F'run lengthwise 
with the bone instead of around it as one would naturally expect to 
find if it really was used for weaving as has been suggested. D has 
no well-defined scratches on it but is nicely polished. Fis 148 mm, 
in length and D is 209 mm. in length. Plate 31, D, is an oblong piece 
of bone measuring 19 mm. in length at one end and 13 mm. at the 
other end, and is 91 mm. at the longest part. It may have been used 
in the course of weaving belts, either to separate the warp or to press 
down the weft. 
PIPES 
The use of tobacco, sometimes pure, sometimes mixed with herbs, 
pine needles, kinnikinnick, and other things, seems to have been 
universal in North America. The region of the Jemez Plateau is no 
exception and has given us many specimens of the pipes used in 
ancient times. ‘Those of Po-shu are more or less typical of this region 
as well as of the Rio Grande country, and only one new form was 
found, namely, that of a fragment of a right-angle pipe which does 
not seem to belong to either group. (Pl. 34, A.) This specimen 
was found at a depth of about 1 m. below the surface of the mound, 
and there is no reason to suppose that it is anything but pre-Colum- 
bian, as the material of which it is made is the typical paste used in 
making the biscuit ware. It is difficult to determine the whole form 
of the pipe, as only a fragment was recovered. Whether the mouth- 
piece was of reed or of clay can not be determined as it now stands. 
The bowl shows marks of having been smoked and the whole thing 
is suggestive of a pipe form which developed among the Pueblos at 
a comparatively modern period, and which was made for purely 
commercial purposes. 
With reference to the modernness of this form of pipe, I quote 
Dr. Fewkes: ‘‘The form of pipe used in most ceremonials to-day 
has a bowl with its axis at right angles to the stem, but so far as I 
have studied ancient Pueblo pipes this form appears to be a modern 
innovation.’’ ° 
Dr. Earl Morris reports the finding of a true elbow pipe three- 
eighths of a mile south of the Aztec ruin; also elbow pipes from 
Pueblo Bonito and two other sites, one 15 miles, the other 35 miles 
west of Aztec, and affirms that they were known and used over a 
considerable portion of the San Juan drainage in black-on-white time.’ 
8 Fewkes, J. Walter, Expedition to Arizona in 1895. 17th Ann. Rept. Bur. Am. Ethn., p. 734. 
™Morris, The Aztec ruin. Anthr. Papers, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. xxvi, pt. 1, p. 26. 
