100 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 176 



made in the area that was to become Dakota Territory, even by 1861. 

 In 1857, townsites had been promoted at Medary, Flandreau, and 

 Sioux Falls, but settlements at the first and second were abandoned 

 the following year, and that at Sioux Falls had to be defended from 

 the Indians by fortifying the tiny community. In 1859, settlements 

 were made at Yankton, Vermillion, and Bon Homme. At the cen- 

 sus of 1860, less than five thousand persons (Indians apart) were 

 claimed for all of the area of Dakota Territory, which then comprised 

 the area of both of the present States. 



Data collected by the enumerators at the census of 1860 provide 

 some further light on trade activities in the Fort Pierre area during 

 the brief existence of Fort Pierre II. Original census schedules cov- 

 ering this area have not been located, but the printed abstracts of the 

 census record the fact that 17 persons were found at "Ft. Pierre" 

 in that year, presumably including most of those then residing near 

 the mouth of the Bad River (U.S. Census Office, 1864, p. 552: 

 "Territory of Dakota" ).2 



The total of 17 persons tabulated for "Ft. Pierre" probably in- 

 cluded all those regularly residing at Fort Pierre II (the only trade 

 establishment then in existence in the area, so far as is known) . Lack- 

 ing the original schedules, however, it is impossible to determine 

 whether persons not actually part of the personnel of that post were 

 also included. The composition of the group of 17 is of interest : three 

 White and seven Indian males, and one White and six Indian females. 

 It is known that Galpin's wife was a prominent Sioux woman, a 

 daughter of Two Lance and previously the wife of Honore Picotte, 

 by whom she had two daughters. By Galpin she also had two or more 

 sons and two daughters (Holley, 1892, p. 284; Hay den, 1862, pi. 1 and 

 p. 457 n.). It is doubtful that Mrs. Galpin was the "White woman 

 counted, but the identity of that person is not known. 



Though it cannot be proved that all 17 persons counted were part 

 of the personnel of Fort Pierre II, as has been noted, at least that 

 number would probably have been needed to manage the post. The 

 fact that both Wliites and Indians were listed for "Ft. Pierre" is also 

 of interest. The employment of Indian personnel was customary at 

 such establishments; native or mixblood males frequently were em- 

 ployed as hunters, whose responsibility it was to provide game for 



- All of the present State of South Dakota west of the Missouri River was contained in 

 the Territory of Nebraska from 1854 to 1861. Original schedules of the census of 1860 

 for that Territory are preserved in the National Archives and at the Nebraska State His- 

 torical Society, Lincoln, and the latter institution has microfilm copies of the schedules 

 at the National Archives. These schedules do not, however, include entries for the Fort 

 Pierre area, nor for any of several river settlements counted above Fort Randall. Inas- 

 much as the abstracts of the census were not published until 1864, after the organization 

 of the Territory of Dakota (including, in its original form, all of the present States of 

 North and South Dakota), it is possible that data for the parts of the former Territory of 

 Nebraska, including the Missouri River settlements, were then shown under the newer po- 

 litical subdivision, the Territory of Dakota. 



