138 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 176 



dated 1857, and with mint mark "O," indicating the New Orleans mint, which 

 operated from 1838 to 1909 (pi. 27, i). 



Pocket knife. — No. 210: Metal and wood fragment only, the wood held in 

 place by four or more small brass pins. 



Tobacco pipes (molded clay).— No. 1192: Glazed, buff color; having a short 

 stem and used with a reed ; the bowl is a human head, in Classical style ; height 

 of bowl 1% inches, diameter of bowl ca. 1 inch (pi. 27, q). This variety of 

 glazed pipe is sometimes said to be of Continental (Dutch or North German) 

 style. No. 1077: Fragment of the lip of the bowl of a glazed pipe, in white 

 (at the rim) and brown; diameter ca. Vs of an inch, the bowl slightly bulbous. 

 No. 193: Slightly bulbous, off-white, unglazed ; exterior diameter of bowl ca. 

 1 inch; height ca. 2 inches (pi. 27, s) ; the decoration (in relief) is a calyxlike 

 leaf arrangement, enclosing the bowl, with a series of 14 "stars" or sunbursts 

 (S-pointed) about the lip; below this band, and between the points of the leaves 

 are four decorative elements (obscure "stars" or fleur-de-lis). Nos. 151, 153, 

 154, 196, 705, 823, 1074, 1075, 1079, 1081, 1092, 1232 : Twelve fragments of bowl, 

 of identical style; two (Nos. 705, 823) show that the base of the bowl ended in 

 a small spiral, which served as a heel. 



The soleil (sun with rays, or sunburst) symbol is particularly associated with 

 Louis XIV of France, known as the "Sun King," who reigned from 1643 to 

 1715 ; the fleur-de-lis is an even more ancient French heraldic device. The pres- 

 ence of such decorative elements on these fragments suggests that the pipes 

 are of French manufacture. (Manufacturer's marks ordinarily appear on the 

 stem during the 19th century, but no such marks have been preserved on stem 

 fragments obtained.) 



This specimen (No. 193) has been darkened by smoking, and part of the 

 original dottle (No. 194) was also obtained. 



No. 150: Fragment of the bowl of a pipe, height ca. 1% inches, having the 

 letters (in relief) "TD," with seriphs, on either side of the mold joint facing 

 the smoker, the letters surrounded by a circle of 13 stars (6-pointed), and a 

 band of similar stars about the circumference of the bowl, at the lip. Nos. 

 152, 822 : Small fragments of pipes of apparently identical design. Very similar 

 specimens of this common variety of pipe have been obtained at the sites of 

 Forts Ridgely (Minnesota), Laramie (Wyoming), Berthold I and II (North 

 Dakota), and elsewhere (cf. Smith, MS.). The employment of only 13 stars, 

 frequently found on this class of pipes, suggests that the design may have 

 been particularly for the American market, since the variety is known to have 

 been manufactured in Europe, whereas marked American specimens are not 

 known. Long after the adoption of an American flag, about 1777, regimental 

 flags are said to have exhibited 6-point stars almost as frequently as 5-point, 

 and it is probable that the former design for the star was the earlier, whereas 

 the latter came to be the proper style in the canton of the American ensign 

 (Quaife, 1942, pp. 141, 147). 



Nos. 583 1091: Small fragments of undecorated short-stem pipes, for use 

 with a reed, of bufE-red ("brick") color, height of bowl ca. 2 inches. The 

 short stem is provided with a bold milled flange (pi. 27, r). This type of 

 pipe is believed to be of American (Pennslyvania German ?) manufacture, in 

 imitation of aboriginal American styles of pipes, or of Continental styles. 

 Nos. 23, 195, 461, 1078, 1090: Fragments of bowl, heel, and stem of similar 

 pipes, gray-bufC in color, undecorated, and lacking any flange on the stem. 



Nos. 155, 192, 474, 501, 523, 626, 824, 1193: Approximately 52 fragments of 

 white clay-pipe stem, some blackened by use, but lacking manufacturers' 

 marks; only 2 (Nos. 155, 192) show any decorative designs, and both may 



