290 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [B0ll. 176 



again were also probably traded. The straight pins were possibly 

 used in the making of clothing. The cloth and numerous buttons 

 found were probably from commercial clothing brought from manu- 

 facturing centers, though the buttons could also have been used on 

 leather clothing made by Indian women. 



Finger rings, bangles, ear ornaments, and beads were probably 

 worn by the native women who lived with the traders. However, such 

 items were also traded. The doll legs could also have been from the 

 doll of one of the children of a post employee or an Indian child. 



Clay pipes were found in large numbers within the post in a broken 

 condition and though they were traded to the Indians, most of them 

 were probably used by the personnel of the post. The turned-bone 

 letter-seal handle reveals something of the operations of the post ; per- 

 haps Kipp himself used it for sealing correspondence. 



The files and whetstones are evidence that metal was sharpened here, 

 as one would assume, and the sawed butts of the posts in Features 46, 

 47, and 48 reveal that saws were present, although none were re- 

 covered. Axes and knives surely must have been used also, though 

 none were found. Lead bale seals were probably used on bales of such 

 trade goods as blankets brought up to the post, perhaps also on bundles 

 of furs being sent downstream. 



The large numbers of catlinite and shale pipe fragments indicate 

 that pipes were probably manufactured here with metal tools such as 

 files, saws, braces, and drills. Undoubtedly they were for the fur 

 trade as they are of styles little used by white men. Clay pipes were 

 light, cheap, convenient, and more practical for personal use. 



The presumed horse bit is the only transportation item present. It 

 would indeed be unusual if no horses were used here, but there is no 

 positive proof that they were. 



TRADE GOODS 



Kipp is said to have taken a fine selection of trade goods to this site 

 in the late fall of 1826. At least a portion of it was brought from St. 

 Louis by Tilton in November of 1826. Other goods may have been 

 transported from the Columbia Fur Company's base on Lake Traverse 

 at the headwaters of the Red River of the North (Wied-Neuwied, 

 1906, vol. 23, pp. 226-228). The following items represent some of 

 the trade material recovered : 



Glass beads in a considerable variety of colors, sizes, and forms ; sheet 

 brass from which arrowpoints, bracelets, and bangles may have been 

 made ; straight brass pins ; a brass thimble ; a brass bell ; clay ; catlin- 

 ite ; and shale pipes ; gun flints ; gun worms ; finger rings ; ear orna- 

 ments; an awl; brass wire; gold braid (?) ; and cloth. 



