26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



Several caves in Cottonwood Canyon 12 miles westward 

 from Kanab contained evidences of human occvlpanc5^ The 

 walls of nearly all l:)ear pictographs of more than ordinary 

 interest, and three of the caves visited sheltered the remains 

 of small dwellings, the most interesting of which is a group 

 of four detached rooms and one circular kiva. The walls 

 of these are of stone with a rather greater proportion of mud 

 plaster than is common in cliff dwellings of the Southwest. 

 The ceremonial room measures 14 feet in diameter, Init, 

 except in its lack of recesses, does not differ greatly from 

 similar structures in ruins previoiisly reported throughout 

 the San Juan drainage. 



Mr. Judd's preliminary observations among a limited 

 number of ruins in western Utah indicate the former exist- 

 ence of a people whose dwellings developed in natural 

 sequence from single earth-covered shelters, such as those 

 at Willard, to groups of more permanent stnictures like 

 those at Beaver, Paragonah, and elsewhere, and finally to 

 allied cliff houses similar to those in Cottonwood Canyon. 

 The constniction of these several types of houses and the 

 character of the artifacts found in them point to close rela- 

 tionship between their builders and the better-known pre- 

 Puebloan peoples of New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado. 

 'Whether these primitive stnictures in Utah actually ante- 

 date the communal dwellings in the States named or whether 

 they represent an offshoot from the more highly developed 

 Pueblo culture is a point not yet determined. The relation- 

 ship is certain, however, and future investigation may be 

 expected to determine its limits. It is hoped that the op- 

 portunity to continue this investigation may soon be af- 

 forded, as the progress of agriculture in most of the areas 

 investigated by Mr. Judd is resulting in the rapid disa})])ear- 

 ance of all superficial evidences of aboriginal occupancy. 



En route to Washington from Utah, Mr. Judd spent a day 

 at the so-called "Spanish diggings," the ancient quarries in 

 Wyoming where generations of western Indians quarried the 

 flint and ( hert utilized in the manufacture of various 

 weapons and household implements. 



