548 THE SINGING AROUND RITE, [ETH. ANN. 40, 
For the Kansas: 
Skinner, A. Kansa organizations. Ibid. pp..757, 759. 
For the Ponca: 
Skinner, A. Ponca societies and dances. Ibid. p. 791. 
For the Blackfoot: 
Wisster, Cuark. Societies and dance associations of the Blackfoot Indians. 
Ibid. p. 458. 
For the Assiniboin: 
Lowin, Ropert H. The Assiniboine. Anthrop. Papers Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
vol. iv, pt. 1, 1909. p. 30. 
For the Dakota: 
Rices, SrepHeN R. Dakota grammar, texts, and ethnography. Cont. N. Am. 
Ethn., vol. rx, 1893. p. 26 et seq. 
For the Omaha: 
Dorsey, J.O. Omaha sociology. Third Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., 1884. p. 330. 
Fietcuer, Auice C., and La Furscue, Francis. The Omaha tribe. Twenty- 
seventh Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., 1911. p. 482. 
Here again it is evident that these ceremonies have not arisen 
independently but have spread by diffusion. Since, however, we 
have differences in details, it must be assumed that fusion with pre- 
existing ceremonies has taken place, or that a particular bent has 
subsequently been given the ceremonies in the separate tribes. It 
may be noted that in the same area other ethnological phenomena 
have spread extensively, e. g., mortuary customs and beliefs, the 
Midé’wiwin. A rather, peculiar transformation is the Fox tribal dual 
division (and similarly that of the Sauk, Kickapoo, and Prairie 
Potawatomi): obviously in function it corresponds in part too closely 
to the Iowa Tikala and M4éwatani societies (and the correspondents 
in certain other Siouan tribes) to be of independent origin. That the 
Fox Té'kan™’ was Siouan in origin as far as the name is concerned 
was suggested to me by Professor Lowie, of the University of Cali- 
fornia. For borrowings on the part of Siouan peoples from Algon- 
quian ones and vice versa see also Paul Radin, Ritual and significance 
of the Winnebago medicine dance, J. Amer. Folk-Lore, 24, page 149 
et seq.; in the article Winnebago apud Handbook of American 
Indians, Bull. 30, B. A. E.; pages 384, 385 in American Indian Life, 
ed. Dr. E. C. Parsons; Truman Michelson in the Proceedings of the 
National Academy of Sciences, 2, page 297 et seq.; Robert H. Lowie 
in Holmes Anniversary Volume, page 293 et seq., Culture and 
Ethnology, page 153. 
It will be noticed that the morality enjoined upon the youth by 
his grandfather is substantially the same as is given in How Meskwaki 
children should be brought up (vide supra). Going to war without 
taking a sacred pack to the Fox mind is an incredible piece of folly; 
cf. the story of Apaiyasa given by William Jones, Fox Texts, page 
164 et seq. However, the story is not pure fiction: the Foxes even 
now remember when and where the events took place. 
